Introduction To Vibration From Caption Data Limited

Caption Data LimitedIntroduction to Vibration Analysis

www.captiondata.com

Schedule

Introduction to Vibration measurements Transducers

Acceleration Velocity Displacement Force

Sampling Aliasing Leakage Filtering

www.captiondata.com

Windows Averaging FFT Analysis

Spectrum Auto Spectrum PSD Cross Spectrum Transfer Function

Coherence Real/Imaginary Nyquist

www.captiondata.com

Rotating Machinery Analysis Order tracking Synchronous Signal Averaging

Basic Modal Analysis Data Acquisition Windowing Data quality Modeling

Resonant Frequency Non Destructive Testing (NDT)

Machine Health Monitoring (TOMAS)

www.captiondata.com

Caption Data Limited Introduction to Vibration Analysis

Accelerometers

The Model 353B03 is a quartz shear ICP® accelerometer designed for general purpose measurements. It has a sensitivity of 10 mV/g. The quartz shear-mode sensing elements reduce sensitivity to adverse environmental inputs, such as thermal transients, base strain, and transverse motion. The Model 353B03 features a side-exit, 10-32 coaxial connector. Its frequency range of 1 to 7 000 Hz (±5 %) makes this sensor an ideal candidate for general purpose vibration measurements such as vehicle studies, product qualification studies, structural response tests and vibration control

www.captiondata.com

Accelerometers

Miniature accelerometers are designed specifically to meet minimum size and weight requirements. Model 352C22 offers a 1 to 8 000 Hz (±5%) frequency range and a sensitivity of 10 mV/g. With a mass of only 0.017 oz (0,5 gm), this sensor excels in testing of lightweight, flexible structures, such as printed circuit boards, disk drives, and those requiring a low-profile unit.

www.captiondata.com

Accelerometers

The Model 356B11 is a miniature, four-gram, hermetically sealed titanium accelerometer. The hermetic titanium case provides a rugged, reliable sensor for minimal mass loading in triaxial vibration measurements. The 10 mV/g output from ceramic shear mode sensing elements provides a wide measurement range from 2 to 10 000 Hz (±5%) in the "Z" axis and 2 to 7 000 Hz (±5%) in the "X" and "Y" axes. The 5 ft integral shielded cable terminates in a four-pin connector.

www.captiondata.com

Velocity Transducers

Model Numbe

Output Sensitiv

Frequency Range (Hz)

Temperature Range

Excitation Source

Mounting Base

Mating Connect

orIntegral Cable Product

Weight

4-102-0001 110 mV/ips 8 - 700+32 to +150°F

0 to +65°C

SELF- GENERATING

2-hole, #8 bolt

1.50" BC

11760 18 inches 14 oz

4-103-0001 110 mV/ips 8 - 700

+150 to +250°F +65 to

+121°C

SELF- GENERATING

2-hole, #8 bolt

1.50" BC

11760 18 inches 14 oz

www.captiondata.com

Displacement Transducers

Proximity ProbesThese transducers allow direct observation of shaft or target displacement for a variety of vibration, position, speed, and timing (i.e., phase) measurements. Various tip diameters and thread sizes/configurations are offered to allow measurement ranges as small as 200 micro inches to as large as 1 inch (typically used for differential expansion measurements on large steam turbines), and everything in between, including the popular 80 mil range used for the majority of machinery measurements.

www.captiondata.com

What are the Componentsof Vibration?

Amplitude Maximum value of vibration

Frequency Number of events or cycles per unit time

Phase Time relationship between vibrations of the

same frequency

www.captiondata.com

Vibration SourcesNatural Frequencies / Resonance

Machine Design Induced Machine Structure Mass and Stiffness Damping

Resonance When a forcing frequency excites a

natural frequency In rotating machinery, “Critical

Speed” www.captiondata.com

Vibration SourcesForcing Frequencies

Machine Design

Universal Joints Asymmetrical

Shafts, Cams Gear Mesh Couplings Bearings Pumps & Fans Reciprocating

Machines Motors /

Generators

Machine Faults

Mass Unbalance Misalignment Bent Shaft Mechanical

Looseness Casing /

Foundation Distortion

Bearing Faults Motor Faults

www.captiondata.com

How is Vibration Measured?

Primitive, Qualitative Methods / Senses Can you actually SEE movement? Can you HEAR something different? What does it FEEL like? Does it SMELL funny? TASTE, not really recommended!

www.captiondata.com

How is Vibration Measured?

Better, Quantifiable Methods / Amplitude Movement / Displacement Speed / Velocity Acceleration

www.captiondata.com

Sensors

Physical Movement / Displacement Proximity Probes

Velocity / Speed Velocity Transducers

Acceleration Accelerometers

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Units

‘English’ Units Pounds (lb) / Inch (in.) / Second (sec)

Displacement in mils, 1 mil = 1/1000th Inch

Peak-to-peak measure Velocity in Inches per second (in/sec or

ips) Peak or RMS measure

Acceleration in gs, 1 g = 386.1 in/sec 2

Peak or RMS measurewww.captiondata.com

Frequency / Rotational Units

Vibration Frequencies are expressed as:

Cycles per Minute (CPM) or Cycles per Second (HZ)

Machine or Shaft Speed: Revolutions per Minute (RPM)

Phase is expressed as: Degrees, 360 degrees per revolution. May also be expressed as Leading or

Lagging www.captiondata.com

Relationship of Amplitude, Velocity & Frequency

Any Quantity can be Calculated

If the remaining two Quantities are Known

www.captiondata.com

Oh man… MATH??

Mathematical Relationships / Displacement to Velocity

V = (2 π f) D

V = Velocity in Inches per second (ips)

π (pi) = 3.14159 (or, the button on your calculator)

f = Frequency in Hz

D = Displacement in mils peak

www.captiondata.com

Worse… Algebra!

Mathematical Relationships / Velocity to Displacement

If… V = (2 π f) D

Then… D = V / (2 π f)

Velocity to Acceleration

A = (2 π f) V / 386.1

Acceleration to Velocity

V = A * 386.1 / (2 π f)

www.captiondata.com

And Finally…

Mathematical Relationships / Acceleration to Displacement

A = D (2 π f)2 / 386.1

D= A * 386.1 / (2 π f)2

(we’re done now… you can all relax!)

www.captiondata.com

Machine Vibration Measures

MEASURE USEFUL FREQ. SPAN

PHYSICAL PARAMETER APPLICATION

Relative Displacement

(proximity probes)0-1000 Hz Stress / Motion Relative Motion in

bearings / casings

Absolute Displacement

(seismic)0-10 Hz Stress / Motion Machine Condition

Velocity(seismic)

10 – 1000 Hz Energy / Fatigue

General Machine Condition,

medium-high frequency vibrations

Acceleration(seismic)

> 1000 Hz Force

General Machine Condition,

medium-high frequency vibrationswww.captiondata.com

Machine Design Vibration Sources

Eccentric Shafts / Cams Reciprocating Components Pumps & Fans Gears Bearings Couplings Universal Joints Motors & Generators

www.captiondata.com

Machine Design Vibration Frequencies

Eccentric Shafts / Cams Shaft Speed (1 X) and Multiples

(Orders)

www.captiondata.com

Reciprocating Machines ½ and Full Multiples of Shaft Speed

www.captiondata.com

Pumps & Fans Vane Pass & Blade Pass Frequencies

Shaft Speed X Number of Vanes Shaft Speed X Number of Blades Flow Noise / Cavitations

www.captiondata.com

Gearboxes Gear Mesh Frequencies

Shaft Speed X Number of Teeth

www.captiondata.com

Machine Design Vibration Sources

Bearing Frequencies, Rolling Element Bearings BPFI – Ball Pass Freq. Inner Race BPFO -- Ball Pass Freq. Outer Race BSF – Ball Spin Frequency FTF -- Fundamental Train Frequency

Max Range Approximation: Shaft Speed X Number of Elements

X 0.6 www.captiondata.com

Machine DesignVibration Sources

Bearings, Fluid Film / Sleeve Oil Whirl

0.40 – 0.48 X of Shaft Speed Oil Whip

Machinery Operating at > 2 X Critical Speed Oil Whirl Locks onto 2 X Critical

www.captiondata.com

Couplings Shaft Speed X Number of Jaws

www.captiondata.com

Universal Joints 2 X Shaft Speed

www.captiondata.com

Motors & Generators Synchronous Motor Speed (SMS)

2 X Line Frequency / Number of Poles Slip Frequency

SMS – Actual Speed

www.captiondata.com

Minimum Acquisition Frequencies

COMPONENT / MACHINE SPAN

Shaft Vibration 10 X RPM

Gearbox 3 X Gear Mesh

Rolling Element Bearings 10 X Ball Pass Freq. Inner

Pumps 3 x Vane Pass

Motors / Generators 3 X Line Freq X 2

Fans 3 X Blade Pass

Sleeve Bearings 10 X RPM

www.captiondata.com

Applicable Sensors & Limits

Credit: John S. Mitchell, machinery Analysis and Monitoring 2 nd edition

www.captiondata.com

Sensor Mounting Conventions

Position Referenced from DRIVEN end of Shaft

Horizontal 90˚ CLOCKWISE from Vertical

Direction of Rotation Not Considered

Axial Transducers In the Load Zone

Credit: Ronald L. Eshleman, Basic Machinery Vibration

www.captiondata.com

Useable Frequency Spans ForAccelerometer Mounting Methods

METHOD FREQUENCY LIMIT

Hand Held (stinger) 500 Hz

Magnetic Mount 2,000 Hz

Adhesives2,500 – 4,000 Hz

(dependent on compound)

Bees Wax5,000 Hz

(watch surface temp!)

Stud Mount 6,000 – 10,000 Hz

www.captiondata.com

Digital Sampling Amplitude Resolution Effects of under sampling

Aliasing

www.captiondata.com

Over Sampling

www.captiondata.com

Minimum Sampling

www.captiondata.com

Leakage

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows No Window Hanning Blackman Harris Flat Top Exponential Decay Box Car/Rectangular

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows No Window

Transient events Fixed frequency

Cell centered

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows No Window

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Hanning

Continuous data Good frequency accuracy Most common window May not be suitable for transient data Good for separation of closely spaced

frequencies

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Hanning

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Blackman Harris

Similar characteristics to Hanning Continuous data Good frequency accuracy Most common window May not be suitable for transient data Good for separation of closely spaced

frequencies

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Blackman Harris

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Flat Top

Best amplitude Accuracy Frequency accuracy is sacrificed Continuous data Common window for order tracking

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Flat Top

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Exponential Decay

Used for Bump (impact) testing in Modal Analysis

Used for response channels only Decay is adjustable to eliminate leakage Adds artificial damping

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Exponential Decay

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Box Car/Rectangular

Used in Bump (impact) testing in Modal analysis

Used only on the reference channel Adjustable leading and trailing edge Zeros all data outside the window

www.captiondata.com

Weighting Windows Box Car/Rectangular

www.captiondata.com

Averaging Linear/Summation Exponential

Variable decay Peak Hold Time Synchronous

www.captiondata.com

Why do we average Improve statistical confidence Extract signals from noise Smooth random vibration

www.captiondata.com

Linear/Summation Reduces noise Improves statistical accuracy of repetitive or

stationary signals.

www.captiondata.com

Exponential Weights the average count New data carries the most weight Decays the old data Smoothes noise Slows rapidly changing signals

www.captiondata.com

Peak Hold Updates the spectral line value with a

new maximum Holds the maximum until updated

www.captiondata.com

Time Synchronous Averages in time domain based on a

Synchronous event Reduces effects of other operating equipment

in close proximity Very good for extracting signals from noise

www.captiondata.com

ZonicBook/618E Hardware Features

8 Vibration Inputs Field expandable to 56 vibration inputs 4 tachometer inputs 8 digital I/O 10/100BaseT Ethernet connection Open ICP and over-range indicators on

front panel Signal conditioned output for each input

channel

www.captiondata.com

Software configurable ICP®, DC, or AC coupling

9 input voltage ranges 16 bit, 75 dB dynamic range New rugged package with built-in

handle TEDS support

www.captiondata.com

Expandable up to 56 analog inputs via WBK18 options

Other hardware options DBK34A battery/DC UPS

www.captiondata.com

eZ-AnalystReal Time Vibration Analysis

www.captiondata.com

eZ-Analyst

Real-Time Vibration Measurement and Analysis

Two Applications Impact

measurement and structure analysis

Continuous data recording and transient analysis

www.captiondata.com

eZ-Analyst – Impact Applications

Impact measurements 5 averaging methods Multiple reference

channels Interactive displays Cross-channel

analysis, FRF, transfer functions

Export data to Excel or modal analysis software

www.captiondata.com

eZ-Analyst – Impact Applications

Measurements for Modal Analysis Effect of mass, stiffness, and damping Operating deflection shapes

Automatically save after averaging Automatically increase

modal locations

www.captiondata.com

eZ-Analyst – Continuous Data Recording Applications

Record “gap-free” data to PC disk

Stripchart data analysis and reduction

Harmonic, SideBand, and FreeForm Cursors

Export data to Excel or eZ-Rotate

www.captiondata.com

Rotating Machinery Analysis Order Normalization Order tracking

www.captiondata.com

eZ-NDTNon Destructive Testing for

Production

www.captiondata.com

Assumptions If test articles are produced in the same

manner, and have like properties, then they will have the same natural or resonant frequencies.

If the test articles have a change in mass, stiffness or damping, then the resonant or natural frequencies will change.

www.captiondata.com

What causes the changes? Changes in mass may be caused by void or

missing operation in the test article Changes in stiffness may be caused by a

material or process variation. Changes in damping can be caused by a

material or process variation or a crack in the test article.

www.captiondata.com

The measurement process The test data is converted into the frequency

domain by the analysis software. Key resonant peaks are identified and their frequencies are noted

www.captiondata.com

The measurement process Known good and defective test articles are

tested and compared for shifts in fundamental resonant frequencies.

www.captiondata.com

The measurement process Each resonant frequency of a known good part is examined

and bands are placed around the peak. If the frequency of a tested part is outside of these bands, then the test article fails.

www.captiondata.com

Caption Data Limited eZ-TOMAS – Applications and Machinery

eZ-TOMAS On line condition monitoring and

analysis

www.captiondata.com

Caption Data Limited eZ-TOMAS – Applications and Machinery

Petrochemical, Power Utility, Paper and Steel Mill, Pharmaceutical, etc…

Turbines, Compressors, Gearboxes, Pumps, Motors, Generators, etc…

Typically, 1 to 3 machines per system.

10 to 100,000 RPM range

Temporary or Continuous Monitoring

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring eZ-TOMAS – Gauge Window

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & MonitoringeZ-TOMAS – Gauge Window

Current Values & Status

Vertical Amplitude

Circular Phase Limit Checking /

Log Events FIFO Storage High Water

Marks Relay Outputs

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & MonitoringeZ-TOMAS - Configuration Setup

Acquisition Fmax: up to 20 KHz Lines: up to 25,600 Hanning / Flat Top FFT Scale Pref: RMS, PK, P-

P Input Channels

D: DC Cplg, +/- 25V A: ICP, AC Cplg, +/- 5V Gap & Runout Ref. Orbit / Tach Pairs

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & MonitoringeZ-TOMAS - Configuration Setup

FIFO Storage Up to

200,000 Records/Channel/File

RPM Range Change in

RPM, Time, Vibration

Alarm Condition

User Snapshot

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring eZ-TOMAS - Configuration Setup

Spectral Bands OAll, Vdc, 1xA &

1xP 6 User Defined Overall, Peak,

Phase Fault Toolkit

Spectral Limits 2 High / 2 Low Delay Text Message www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Rotating Machinery Analysis

Orbit, Time Waveform w/ or w/o

Filtered N Revolutions

Bode w/ or w/o

Runout OAll, 1x, nX

Waterfall Order Tracks RPM Annotation

www.captiondata.com

Polar Runout, Limits Annotation

Spectrum Harmonic,

Sideband Peak Cursors

Shaft Center Line Trend

OAll, 1x, nX Cursor to History

Location www.captiondata.com

Automatic Tach Analog

Inputs Dynamically

adjust trigger levels

Trigger Direction

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Learning Limits

Statistical Report Steady State

Condition Min, Avg, Max,

Dev Calculate

Limits based on Normal Operation

Before / After Shutdown comparisons

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Configuration Setup – Storage

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Edit - Spectral Bands

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Edit – Spectral Limits

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Gauge Window – Monitor Vibration Levels

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & MonitoringGauge Window – Monitor Vibration Levels

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Plot Windows – Data Source

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Plot Windows – Time Waveform

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Plot Windows – Spectrum

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Plot Windows – Orbit

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Plot Windows – Waterfall

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Plot Windows – Bode

www.captiondata.com

Vibration Analysis & Monitoring Plot Windows – Polar

www.captiondata.com

Introduction To Vibration From Caption Data Limited

Technology

Force Limited Vibration Testing Monograph€¦ · needed to establish force limited vibration testing as a standard approach available to all NASA centers and aerospace contractors

GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1565401 - 1565497Title GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1565401 - 1565497 Subject GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1565401 - 1565497 Keywords

Consultnet Limited ©1 Hand Arm Vibration Awareness Training Programme

Vibration Meter - Weschlerpanelmeters.weschler.com/Asset/Fluke-805-User Manual.pdf · Vibration Meter Users Manual . LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY Each Fluke product

Figure Caption:

Caption data limited ez analyst training guide

Caption Loveable

Caption Eng

GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1225746 - 1225795 fileTitle: GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1225746 - 1225795 Subject: GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1225746 - 1225795 Keywords

GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1526398 - 1526499Title GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1526398 - 1526499 Subject GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1526398 - 1526499 Keywords

NTS Force Limited Vibration Test Case Study Force Limited... · 1.800.270.2516 NTS Force Limited Vibration Test Case Study CloudSat Spacecraft Radar Antenna Abstract In vibration

Caption data limited ez tomas training guide

Photo Caption

Chapter 7 Noise and Vibration - Abergelli Power · Abergelli PEIR 2018 – CHAPTER 7: NOISE AND VIBRATION Prepared for: Abergelli Power Limited AECOM 7-3 7. Noise and Vibration 7.1

Headline Caption Writing

GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 132335 - 132434 · Title: GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 132335 - 132434 Subject: GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 132335 - 132434 Keywords

NASA HDBK 7004B Force Limited Vibration Test

Powerpoint caption

GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1571797 - 1571896Title GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1571797 - 1571896 Subject GROUND PHOTO CAPTION CARD 1571797 - 1571896 Keywords

Road Trip Intro - animationsforvideo.com2. Add Road Trip caption. Under Caption>Caption Settings, type your road trip caption. Make sure all Text Effects are set to None. This example