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Remote sensing and GIS application in glacier ,sea ice and snow cover studies
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Remote Sensing And GIS
Applications In Glacier And Snow Cover
StudiesBy
Swetha A
5WD12CGI15
Introduction•Snow : Atmospheric water vapor frozen into ice crystals and
falling in light white flakes or lying on the ground as a white layer.
•Glacier : are large masses of snow, recrystallized ice and rock debris that accumulate in great quantities and begin to flow outwards and downwards under the pressure of their own weight
•Snow cover : ground covered with snow showing some depth
•Sea ice : Sea ice is simply frozen ocean water .Found in remote polar oceans
What is the cryosphere?
• Some places on Earth are so cold that water is a solid—ice or
snow. Scientists call these frozen places of our planet the
"cryosphere." (snow , ice, glacier, sea ice, ice selves ice bergs,
frozen ground)
• The Arctic
• Antarctica
• And In between (snow on Mount Kilimanjaro is in
Africa )
Types of Glaciers• Ice Sheets• Ice Shelves• Ice Caps• Ice Streams• Ice fields• Mountain Glaciers• Valley Glaciers• Piedmont Glaciers• Cirque Glaciers• Hanging Glaciers• Tidewater Glaciers
Types of snow cover• New snow
• Firn
• Névé
• Old snow
• Seasonal snow
• Perennial snow
• Powder snow
Distribution of glaciers and ice around the world.
• The GLIMS project (Global Land Ice Measurements from Space) is currently creating a unique glacier inventory storing critical information about the extent and rates of change of the world's estimated 160,000 glaciers.
Antarctica
Greenland
Snow Cover (1 month - Terra/MODIS)April 1, 2013 00:00-May 1, 2013 00:00
Arctic Sea Ice
Maps of September ice extent for 1980, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011
Arctic Sea IceAcquired September 14,
1984 Acquired September 13, 2012
• These snow cover maps are made from observations collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Terra satellite.
• Snow cover values range from medium blue (greater than 0 percent) to white (100 percent).
• Landmasses that do not sustain snow cover and places where MODIS did not collect data are gray or black.
• Because MODIS relies on visible light to assess snow cover, the sensor cannot collect data over the highest latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere during winter when no sunlight reaches those regions.
MODIS ( Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer )
• Is a key instrument aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites.
• Terra was launched on December 18, 1999, and Aqua was launched on May 4, 2002
• Terra's orbit around the Earth is timed so that it passes from north to south across the equator in the morning, while Aqua passes south to north over the equator in the afternoon.
• Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth's surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of wavelengths
• 1,000-m, 500-m, and 250-m resolution spectral bands
• Works in visible region .
• The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA’s Aqua satellite capture this view of the Chesapeake Bay region
• Lake Michigan, South. The true color image (left) while the false color ice cover image (right) is derived from the MODIS/Terra Snow Cover. Image courtesy of NSIDC.(National Snow and Ice Data Center)
• Patagonian glaciers, including Los Glaciares National Park and
the Moreno Glacier. Chile and Argentina.
• The Vatnajokull glacier is the largest in Iceland.
• Glacial moraine near Zermatt, Switzerland.
Glaciers on Landsat GeoCover Satellite Images
GISGIS of of Qinghai-Tibet PlateauQinghai-Tibet Plateau
GIS ofGIS of the the Region alongRegion along the the Qinghai-Tibet highway and railQinghai-Tibet highway and rail
Chinese glacier
Baffin Island towards east with ASTER image draped over ASTER-derived DEM.
Snow cover
Normalized Difference Snow Index (NDSI)
GIS TOOL TO COMPARE SIMULATED ANDREMOTELY SENSED SNOW-COVER
OBSERVATIONS
• A GIS (geographic information system)-based Snow-Cover Comparison Tool (SCCT)
Snow and Glacier Melt Run
The Himalayas abut or cross five countries: Bhutan, India, Nepal, China, and Pakistan
Karakoram region, and in the Greater Himalayan Range
Thickening Of Karakoram Glaciers In Himalayas
• Map of Khurdopin Glacier, a surge-type glacier, during 2000-2008. The yellow polygon shows the area where the thinning rate (and thus the ablation rate) is averaged. PHOTO: CNES 2008 / Distribution Spot Image
Do glaciers and snow affect people?
• Glaciers Provide Drinking Water
• Glaciers Irrigate Crops
• Glaciers Help Generate Hydroelectric Power
• Recreation
Skiing and snowboarding
Snowshoeing
Snowmobiling
Are glaciers and snow dangerous?
• Flooding Caused By A Glacier
• Avalanches From Glaciers
• The Threat Of Icebergs
• Snow Avalanches
• Ice Storm
• Blizzard
• Thunder Snow
Snow & glacier melting due to• Global warming(0.32° increase)
• Greenhouse effect
• Climatic change
• Land use changes
• Deforestation (increase in atmospheric methane )
Conclusion• Polar Satellites
• 518A - Preserving Glaciers and Polar Regions
(Iceland, Finland and Chile )
• Monitoring Of Snow Cover
• Instrument development
• Seasonal changes monitoring
• Microwave Images
References• National Snow And Ice Data Center (NSIDC)
• Snow Cover And Glacier Change Study In Nepalese Himalaya
Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information System
By Arun Bhakta Shrestha1 And Sharad Prasad Joshi2
• Mapping Glacier Variations From 1990 To 2006in The
Central Mongolian Altai By Brandon Scott Krumwiede
• Monitoring Receding Of Glaciers And In North-eastern
Pakistan Through Geo-informatics Techniques By Umair Bin
Zamir
The end Any queries ?
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