Bzt214 – animal physiology

BZT214 –

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AKMAL ARIF MOHD RAZALI116628

CIRCULATORY ASSIGNMENT 03

THE HEART ANATOMY OF FISH, HUMAN AND

REPTILE

HUMANFISH

LIZARD, SNAKE AND TURTLE

CROCODILE

FISH AMPHIBIAN/REPTILES

MAMMALS

One atrium Two atria Two atria

One ventricle One ventricle Two ventricles

Single circulation Double circulation Double circulation

2 chambered heart 3 chambered heart 4 chambered heart

Bloods are not mixed Both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are mixed

Both oxygenated and deoxygenated blood are not mixed

VARIETY OF HEART STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMALS

FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD CELLS• Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also

transport small amount of carbon dioxide (Erythocytes Function (or RBC))

• Form a protective, movable army that help defend the body against damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, and tumor cells. (Leukocytes Function (or WBC)

• Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short term or acute infections. (Neutrophils Function-(type of WBC))

• Allergic response & attack parasites. Kill parasitic warms; increase during allergy attacks; might phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes and inactivate some inflammatory chemicals(Eosinophils Function (type of WBC))

• release histamine in allergic attack & first response until more WBCs arriveGranules contain histamine which is discharged at sites of inflammation. (Basophils Function (type of WBC))

• Role is to attack infections, virus & early stage cancer;Part of immune system; one group(B lymphocytes) produces antibodies; other group(T lymphocytes) involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, and activating B lymphocytes. (Lymphocytes Function (type of WBC))

• Eat up large particles;Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long term "clean up team"; increase in number during chronic infections such as tuberculosis. (Monocytes Function (type of WBC))

• Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to broken area; help to control blood loss from broken blood vessels. (Platelets Function)

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