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Presented by Diego Valbuena, Olaf Erenstein, Sabine Homann-Kee Tui, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Alan Duncan, Bruno Gérard, and Nils Teufel at the Planet Under Pressure Conference, London, 26-29 March 2012
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Biomass pressures in mixed farmsImplications for livelihoods and ecosystems services in South Asia &
Sub-Saharan Africa
Planet Under Pressure,
March 26th, 2012London, UK
Session: Food Security
Diego Valbuena, Olaf Erenstein, Sabine Homann-Kee Tui, Tahirou Abdoulaye, Alan Duncan, Bruno Gérard, Nils Teufel
Mixed systems represent the livelihood of a large population of
the developing world
Source: Herrero et al. 2009
Population developing world: 3.773’200.000
Population developing world: 5.309’500.000
Crop residue are major resources for smallholder
farmersUses: feed, fuel, construction, cash and mulch/compost. Trade-offs of residue use? −animal feed: short-term household needs (animal traction, manure, food, savings, cash, culture), nutrient recycling−soil conservation (mulching): mid/long-term agricultural production, water efficiency, nutrient recycling (C storage)
Opening messageIn smallholder mixed
farms resources are often limited, creating pressure on biomass (residues). How to improve residue use, enhancing livelihoods now and ensuring long-term sustainability?
Site & village selection
Selection criteriasite: intensification &
marketvillage: market &
roadhouseholds: land &
livestockNiger-1, FakaraNiger-2, MaradiNigeria, KanoEthiopia-1, KoboEthiopia-2, NekemteKenya, Kakamega
Malawi, MzimbaMozambique, ChangaraZimbabwe, NykayiIndia-1, HaryanaIndia-2, UdaipurBangladesh, Dinajpur
To consider:
1. Dynamic systems but not always2. Pressure residues farm:
a. demandb. production
3. Options: intensification, market & co.
1. Mixed systems are dynamicpe
ople
/km
2
South Asia Southern AfricaEast AfricaWest Africa
SLP-CR Regions*
* Weighted average of SLP selected countries
Population density
% to
tal p
opul
ation
Urbanization
Cereal yields Livestock production
kg c
erea
l/ha
% re
lativ
e to
199
9-20
01
Sources: http://esa.un.org/unup/; http://fao.org
2a. Potential demand for residues is diverse
Ethiopia-1
Bangladesh
Niger-1
India-1
NigeriaNiger-2Zimbabwe
Malawi
Ethiopia-2
India-2
Mozambique
Kenya
High
Medium
Low
source: Valbuena et al. in press
2a. This demand is reflected in different residue use: cereal
source: Valbuena et al. in press
other (fuel, burnt, const)tradedleft/mulch
animal feed
multiple uses
mostly fed
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
mulch
constructionfuel
2a. Demand and use of residues is diverse: legume
Kenya
Niger-1Nigeria Niger-2
Residue use depend also on quality, market and culture.
* cooking, left in the soil
% sold% fed% other*
2b. Intensification of crop production is related to potential
demand
M-E1
H-B
L-N1
H-I1L-NGL-N2
L-Z
L-MWM-E2
M-I2
L-MZ
H-K
High production:
water access, market inputs, mechanisation
Limited production: often rainfed, variable access inputs & market, low mechanisation
2b. Production and development pathways offer different options
for rural regions
Ethiopia-1 Bangladesh
Niger-1
India-1
Nigeria
Niger-2
Zimbabwe
MalawiEthiopia-2
India-2
Mozambique Keny
a
Market-oriented
agriculture
Non-agricultural livelihood
Subsistence
farming
2. Pressure on feed depends on crop production and communal
resources
* based one farmers’ perceptions. Feed sources include grazing, green and dry fodder
< 3 months3 – 6 months> 6 months
high quality
feed
2. Pressure on residues depend on both production and demand
Pressure Potential demand
Crop production
Agricultural intensification
Communal resources
Feed shortages
Residue use Sites
Low+++ +++ +++ - + mulch
burnIndia-1, KenyaBangladesh
+ ++ ++ + + mulch Malawi
Medium + + + + ++ grazed MozambiqueZimbabwe
High++ +/++ +/++ - +++ fed, fuel Ethiopia, India-2
+ + + + (far) +++ fed, fuel Niger, Nigeria
3. Options: pressure on residuesPotential: > soil conservation by mulchingNeeded: changes residue management
Needed: - Better use of communal land- More biomass (seasonal)
Needed: - More biomass- Soil conservation
Pressure Potential demand
Crop production
Agricultural intensification
Communal resources
Feed shortages
Residue use Sites
Low+++ +++ +++ - + mulch
burnIndia-1, KenyaBangladesh
+ ++ ++ + + mulch Malawi
Medium + + + + ++ grazed MozambiqueZimbabwe
High++ +/++ +/++ - +++ fed, fuel Ethiopia, India-2
+ + + + (far) +++ fed, fuel Niger, Nigeria
Farm expansionEquity (land)Water efficiency
Better link to marketsIntegration crop-livestockIntensification livestock
Better link to marketsIntegration crop-livestockIntensification crop-livestock
Intensification crop-livestockBetter link to marketsOff-farm optionsDestocking
3. Options need to go beyond biomass production
Pressure Potential demand
Crop production
Agricultural intensification
Communal resources
Feed shortages
Residue use Sites
Low+++ +++ +++ - + mulch
burnIndia-1, KenyaBangladesh
+ ++ ++ + + mulch Malawi
Medium + + + + ++ grazed MozambiqueZimbabwe
High++ +/++ +/++ - +++ fed, fuel Ethiopia, India-2
+ + + + (far) +++ fed, fuel Niger, Nigeria
Closing message
Still, more participatory, integrated & coordinate action-research is needed to implement options and fulfil short and long term objectives for both livelihoods & ecosystem services.
Meta-analysis help to identify promising options and trajectories for better residue use in specific sites.
SLP project: an on-going progress
Stakeholder involvement (R&D): engaging stakeholders in looking at the challenges & optionsHousehold diversity: improved targeting of potential options Targeting action-oriented research: linking these diagnostics with impact oriented research
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