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'Decarbonising Our Energy Supply' looks at alternative's to dirty grid electricity to provide us with electricity and thermal energy.
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Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of TechnologyCRICOS Provider Code 00301J
Decarbonising Cities & Regions
Decarbonising Our Energy SupplyColin Beattie 13th August 2013
Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute
FRAMEWORK
… our precincts and neighbourhoods as the building blocks of our cities
Contribution to CO2-e: Emissions by sector;
CLIMATE CHANGE
CLIMATE CHANGE
31%energyto the grid
34%energyto the grid
66% energy loss 7% energy loss
coal fired power generation.... 69%energ
y lost
ENERGY & GREENHOUSE
“THE DENSITY TRADE-OFF: Does High Rise Living Contribute More than Living in Detached Dwellings to Greenhouse Gas Emissions?”
Beattie & Newman
National ConferenceTuesday, 29 November – Friday, 2 December, 2011SOAC
EMISSIONS & URBAN FORM
ReferenceTaper, B. et. al, (2010), Urban Planning, Information Technology and Evidence Based Decision Making for Emission Reductions in our Cities
EMISSIONS & URBAN FORM
31%energyto the grid
34%energyto the grid
66% energy loss 7% energy loss
coal fired power generation.... 69%energ
y lost
ENERGY & GREENHOUSE
31%energyto the grid
34%energyto the grid
66% energy loss 7% energy loss
COGENERATION
Power to 1800 Buildings in Manhattan
50% of steam from cogeneration plants provides heating & cooling
Offsets 350MWe of power from grid
COGENERATION
PEP Building
DANDENONG
Precinct Energy Project (PEP)
Includes;•The PEP Energy Centre Building•6MWe Capacity•Reticulation Network
Objectives•To significantly reduce GHGe generated by the built environment at a precinct level•To attract development to Dandenong by easier achievement of Green Buildings•To be self funding, providing services at market competitive rates
DANDENONG
Precinct Energy Project (PEP)
Includes;•The PEP Energy Centre Building•6MWe Capacity•Reticulation Network
Objectives•To significantly reduce GHGe generated by the built environment at a precinct level•To attract development to Dandenong by easier achievement of Green Buildings•To be self funding, providing services at market competitive rates
DANDENONG
Key Facts
Stage 1Stage 2
2MW4MW
Hours of operation 7am to 11pm(Mon to Fri)
Annual Operation Approx. 3,800 hrs/pa
Annual CO2-e Abatement 22,000 tones
Key Facts and Figures
PEP Building
Carine Tafe
• 7.92 Ha Total
Precinct AMixed use with commercial, retail, medical, resi and child care
Precinct BRetirement village and Residential aged care
Precinct CR30/60 Townhouses and apartments
Precinct DR80 apartments up to 7 storeys
RESULTS
Transport
Embodied CO2
Energy
Water
Affordability
-100% -80% -60% -40% -20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
52% better
64% better
82% better
53% better
8% better
Reference
BetterWorse
LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
LSP Low Carbon -
200 400 600 800
1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,447
699
Transport Emissions
GH
Ge (
t/year)
ADDITIONAL Transit Transit, OPC Trans, 1 PB Trans, 1 PB, CS
Trans, 0.75 PB Trans, 0.75 PB, CS
Trans, 0.5 PB Trans 0.5 PB, CS
Trans 0.5 PB, CS, OPC
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
0.000 0.033 0.033
0.6260.736
1.1631.281
1.4051.535
1.750
GHGe Savings (t CO2/pp/yr)
Op. Energy GHGe
Transport GHGe
Embodied GHGe
Losses (
-ve)/
Savin
gs
(+ve)
TRANSPORT
LSP Low Carbon LSP (R30/60 & R80)Reference Model
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
6511,945
1,319
4,555
750
1,013
2,720
7,513
Embodied Emissions
Multi-Apartments
Compact Dwellings
Detached Dwellings
GH
Ge (
tota
l to
nn
es)
Model Reference0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1.913.05
4.47
7.151.59
1.59
7.97
11.80
Embodied GHG
t(CO
2-e)/person
Savings in GHG from Selection of Low-Carbon
Building Assemblies
Model Reference0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
1.023.05
2.26
7.15
1.18
1.59
4.46
11.80
Embodied GHG
Model Reference-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.51
3.05-0.80
7.15
1.18
1.59
0.89
11.80
Embodied GHGMulti-Apartments
Compact Dwellings
Detached Dwellings
Additional GHG Reduction from Choosing Low-
Carbon/Recycled MaterialsAdditional GHG Reduction including
Carbon Sequestered in Timber
EMBODIED ENERGY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
LSP Low Carbon -
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500 2,223
409
Energy (Gas & Elect.) Emissions
GH
Ge (
t/year)
LSP (R30/60 &
R80)Reference
Model
7-Star 8-Star 9-Star H and C Resi
HW Resi Appliances 1,050
1,100
1,150
1,200
1,250
1,300
1,350 1,324
1,267
1,208
1,149
1,262
1,303
1,143
Residential Emissions
GH
Ge (
t/year)
LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
NR(Li and BF)
H and C All HW All -
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
899
716 717
892
Non-Residential Emissions
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
5 6 90kVA100kVA
110kVA140kVA200kVA320kVA
320kVA320kVA 90kVA100kVA
110kVA
140kVA200kVA
2,223
1,591 1,464
1,343
1,121 1,106 1,092 943
831 843 791 751
1,084 1,079 1,028 943
785
468 409
Supply Side StrategiesRenewables Tri-generation Options Tri-generation Options
EXPORTING ELECTRICITYc/w Solar
Boost
NON-RESI MIXED USE NON-RESI MIXED USE
ENERGY SUPPLY
LSP (R30/60 & R80)
Reference Model
LSP Low Carbon -
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500 2,223
409
Energy (Gas & Elect.) Emissions
GH
Ge (
t/year)
Building Scale
• Fixtures Efficiency
• Appliance Efficiency
• Rainwater tanks
• Greywater Treatment
WATER & GREENHOUS
E
WATER & GREENHOUS
ECommunity Scale
Source: GHD, Cockburn Coast DWMS
Demand Side (efficiency) Strategies
Rainwater Tank Options
Recycled (Purple Pipe) Water Options
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45 40.97
19.16
Total Water Consumption
ResidentialNon-Res-idential
ML/y
ear
-0.25
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.0000.005
0.0630.0830.0820.0830.0820.083
-0.042-0.042-0.056
-0.142-0.145-0.172-0.172
-0.149-0.169
GHGe Savings (t CO2/person/yr)
Embodied GHGe
Transport GHGeLosses (
-ve)/
Savin
gs
(+ve)
WATER & GREENHOUS
E
LSP (R30/60 & R80
)Ref-er-ence Model
Irri-gation
Fix-ture
s
Ap-pli-an-ces
Fix-ture
s (NR
)
Irri-gation
Irr, WC
Irr, WC,
L
Irr, WC, L,
HW
RW to
Irri-gation
RW to ITL
RW to
ITL, HW
RWSW to
Irri-gation
RWSW to ITL
RWSW to
ITL, HW
RWSWWW to Irr.
LSP Low Carbon
RWSWWW to
ITL, HW
19. RWT-PP Hy-brid
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17. PP RWSWWW to ITL
Wa-ter Savings
0 3.2339089481946
6
9.4191522762951
3
13.799058084772
4
13.799058084772
4
17.032967032967
19.952904238618
5
21.208791208791
2
23.500784929356
4
15.510204081632
7
18.116169544741
20.392464678179
15.541601255887
18.257456828885
4
20.737833594976
5
21.365777080062
8
32.182103610675
42.888540031397
2
NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
GHGe
0 0.0047249650584793
9
0.0627570565072211
0.0833551256597364
0.0829631105704902
0.0823145558021212
0.0830375216125914
0.0820499266976531
0.0827376113636102
-0.0422731528152054
-0.041601455039993
-0.0558618459987
2
-0.141997737063004
-0.1450095303415
6
-0.171854731087254
-0.1718365932343
7
-0.1485207239388
-0.168675089356573
NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
-2.5
2.5
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
32.5
37.5
42.5
-0.3
0.3
0.8
1.3
1.8
2.3
2.8
3.3
3.8
4.3
Potable Water Savings & GHGeWater Savings GHGe
WA
TER
SA
VIN
GS
kl/
(p
erson
.yr)
RES
I G
HG
e
t(S
avin
gs (
+ve)/L
osses (
-ve))
Demand Side (effi-ciency) Strategies
Rainwater Tank Op-tions
Recycled (Purple Pipe) Water Options
WATER CONSUMPTIO
N
-
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45 40.97
19.16
Total Water Consumption
ResidentialNon-Res-idential
ML/y
ear
LSP Low Carbon LSP (R30/60 & R80)Reference Model
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
$1,200
$1,400
$1,600
$1,800 Annual Household Expen-diture
Water usageEnergy usage
AFFORDABILITY & COST
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL
COSTS $/dwelling total $ Env. Saving Units
NatHERS Upgrade from 6-star $ 2,966 $ 768,256
350 tonnes CO2/yr
Solar hot water $ 579 $ 149,886
Private solar PV $ 3,440 $ 891,000 377 tonnes CO2/yr
Rain tanks $ 1,720 $ 445,912 21.2 kilolitres PP/yr
Precinct or Neighbourhood Interventions
Precinct solar PV $ 1,485 $ 384,526 153 tonnes CO2/yr
Cogeneration $ 2,469 $ 639,360 412 tonnes CO2/yr
Recycled water scheme $ 566 $ 146,684 32.2 kilolitres PP/yr
Area (ha)
Energy/GHG Reductions Transport Cap. Cost
Comment
Technologies & Practices Adopted
Low Carbon (Trigeneration)
Renewables
Building energy Efficiency
Renewable Fuel
SUB-TOTAL
Reduced Private Vehicle Use
City of Sydney 2600 20% 19% 20% 6% 65% n/a n/aThe City of Sydney is based on a number of existing precincts - the results shown are combined.
Cockburn Coast 332 55% 0% 55%35%
(GHGe)
$5,600/Dwelling or $44/m2 of fl.
area
Based on the District Structure Plan developed by Landcorp
Stirling City Centre 215 21% 5% 17% 0% 43% 34% (VKT)$76/m2 of fl.
areaBased on the Structure Plan developed by the Stirling Alliance
North Port Quay 245 0 111% 19% 47% 177%13%
(GHGe)$200/m2 of
fl. area
Hypothetical model pushing boundaries of RE to achieve a zero carbon outcome
“IN CONCLUSION”
Looking at energy alone we can only achieve a reduction in emissions of 45% as opposed to 82% IF precinct scale interventions are pursued.
• There are significant regulatory barriers
• Cost reflective pricing
• Is the market ready?
Transport
Embodied CO2
Energy
Water
Affordability
-100% -50% 0% 50% 100%
52% better
64% better
82% better
53% better
8% better
ReferenceBetterWorse
CAPITAL COSTS
Building Scale $/dwelling total $
Total $ 8,700 $ 2,250,000
Precinct Scale
Total $ 4,500 $ 1,170,000
Curtin University is a trademark of Curtin University of TechnologyCRICOS Provider Code 00301J
13.08.2013
Thanks to the following for their support;
• Curtin University• AHURI• Australian Research Council• Cedar Woods• Horizon Power• North Port Quay
Colin Beattie Contact Details:
m | +61 423 373993 e | Colbeattie@gmail.com twitter | @ColBeattie www | sustainability.curtin.edu.au
Thank you
Decarbonising Our Energy Supply
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