3D Password M Sc BHU Sem 1

3-D PASSWORD

A more secured way of authentication

Swagato Dey

M. Sc. CS 1st Year

Authentication & their types. Knowledge Based Authentication. Token Based Authentication. Biometrics Authentication. Drawbacks. 3D Password. 3D Virtual Environment. Advantages & Application. Attacks & Countermeasures. Conclusion. References.

Areas Of Discussion

Authentication

Authentication is a process of validating who you are to whom you claimed to be.

Human authentication techniques are as follows:

1. Knowledge Based (What you know)

2. Token Based (What you have)

3. Biometrics (What you are)

Three Basic Identification Methods of password

Possession(“something I have”)

•Keys •Passport •Smart Card

Knowledge(“Something I

know”)

•Password • Pin

Biometrics(“something I

am”)

•Face•Fingerprints•Iris

Knowledge Base

d

Password• Password is basically an encryption

algorithms.

It is 8-15 character or slightly more than that.

Mostly textual passwords nowadays are

kept which are very simple.

PASSPHRASE

•Passphrase length is about 30-50 characters or more than that so it creates ambiguity to remember, if there is any proper sequence.

It’s the enhance version of password.It is a combination of words or simply collection of

password in proper sequence.It contains any well known thought also.Length of passphrase is about 30-50 character or more

than that also.

TOKEN BASED

TOKEN BASED

TOKEN BASED

A security token (or sometimes a hardware token, authentication token, USB token, cryptographic token, software token, virtual token) may be a physical device that an authorized user of computer services is given to ease authentication.

Token

DisconnectedToken

ConnectedToken

ContactlessToken

SingleSign – on Software

Token

MobileDeviceToken

Smart Card Bluetooth

BIOMETRICS

Biometrics •Refer to a broad range of technologies.

•Automate the identification or verification of an individual.

Based on human characteristics or body organs

Process

Percentage market share

by type of biometric

technology in 2003

Drawbacks

•How secure is your password?

Now with the technology change, fast processors and many tools on the Internet, cracking password has become a Child's Play.Ten years back Klein performed such tests and he could crack 10-15 passwords per day.

PASSWORD

Token Involves additional costs, such as the cost of the token and any replacement fees.

Users always need to carry the token with them.

Users need multiple tokens for multiple Web sites and devices.

Does not protect fully from man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., attacks where an intruder intercepts a user's session and steals the user's credentials by acting as a proxy between the user and the authentication device without the user's knowledge).

BIOMETRICS

•Biometrics has also some drawbacks.

Suppose you select your fingerprint as a biometrics..

But what to do when you have crack or wound in your finger.

And now a days some hackers even implement exact copy of your biometrics also….

3D PASSWORD

•The 3D passwords are more customizable, and very interesting way of authentication.

•A 3D password is a multifactor authentication scheme that combine RECOGNITION +RECALL +TOKENS +BIOMETRICS in one authentication system.

The 3D password presents a virtual environment containing various virtual objects.

The user walks through the environment and interacts with the objects.

It is the combination and sequence of user interactions that occur in the 3D environment.

This is achieved through interacting only with the objects that acquire information that the user is comfortable in providing.

It becomes much more difficult for the attacker to guess the user’s 3-D password.

Virtual objectsVirtual objects can be any object we encounter in real life:

A computer on which the user can type in.

A fingerprint reader that requires users fingerprint.

A paper or white board on which user can type.

An Automated teller(ATM) machine that requires a token.

A light that can be switched on/off.

A television or radio where channels can be selected.

A car that can be driven.

A graphical password scheme.

A biometric recognition device.

A staple that can be punched.

A book that can be moved from one place to another.

Any real life object.

Any upcoming authentication scheme.

Snapshot of a proof - of - concept virtual art gallery , which contains 36

pictures and six computers

STATE DIAGRAM OF A 3D PASSWORD APPLICATION

3D VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT

3D Virtual Environment•3-D virtual environment affects the usability, effectiveness, and acceptability of a 3-D password system.

• 3-D environment reflects the administration needs and the security requirements.

3D Virtual Environment

The design of 3D virtual environments should follow these guidelines:

Real Life Similarity

Object Uniqueness & Distinction

3D Virtual Environment Size

Number of objects & their types

System Importance

Now let us see a3D Virtual Environment

Advantages

Flexibility

Strength

Ease to Memorize

Respect of Privacy

Applications The 3D password’s main application domains are protecting

critical systems and resources.

Critical Servers Nuclear Reactors & Military Facilities Airplanes and Missile Guiding

A small virtual environment can be used in the following systems like-

ATM

Personal digital assistance

Desktop computers & laptops

Web authentication etc.

Attacks and Countermeasures

Brute Force Attack

Well studied Attack

Shoulder-surfing Attack

Timing Attack

Brute Force Attack

The attacker has to try all possible 3D passwords. This kind of attack is very difficult for the following reasons.

Time required to login .

3D Attacks are very expensive.

Well Studied Attack

The attacker tries to find the highest probable distribution of 3D passwords. In order to launch such an attack, the attacker has to acquire knowledge of the most probable 3D password distributions. This is very difficult because the attacker has to study all the existing authentication schemes that are used in the 3D environment.Moreover, a well studied attack is very hard to accomplish since the attacker has to perform a customized attack for every different 3D virtual environment design.

Shoulder-surfing Attack

An attacker uses a camera to record the user’s 3D password or tries to watch the legitimate user while the 3D password is being performed. This attack is the most successful type of attack against 3D passwords and some other graphical passwords. However, the user’s 3D password may contain biometric data or textual passwords that cannot be seen from behind. Therefore, we assume that the 3D password should be performed in a secure place where a shoulder surfing attack cannot be performed.

Timing Attack

In this attack, the attacker observes how long it takes the legitimate user to perform a correct sign in using the 3D password. This observation gives the attacker an indication of the legitimate user’s 3D password length. However, this kind of attack alone cannot be very successful since it gives the attacker mere hints. Therefore, it would probably be launched as part of a well studied or brute force attack. Timing attacks can be very effective if the 3D virtual environment is poorly designed.

The authentication can be improved with 3D password, because the unauthorized person may not interact with same object at a particular location as the legitimate user.

It is difficult to crack, because it has no fixed number of steps and a particular procedure.

Added with biometrics and token verification this schema becomes almost unbreakable.

Conclusion

X. Suo, Y. Zhu, and G. S. Owen, “Graphical passwords: A survey,” in Proc. 21st Annu. Comput. Security Appl. Conf., Dec. 5–9, 2005, pp. 463–472.

D. V. Klein, “Foiling the cracker: A survey of, and improvement to passwords security,” in Proc. USENIX Security Workshop, 1990, pp. 5–14.

T. Kitten, Keeping an Eye on the ATM. (2005, Jul. 11). [Online]. Available: ATMMarketPlace.com

G. E. Blonder, “Graphical password,” U.S. Patent 5 559 961, Sep. 24, 1996.

R. Dhamija and A. Perrig, “Déjà Vu: A user study using images for authentication,” in Proc. 9th USINEX Security Symp., Denver, CO, Aug. 2000, pp. 45–58.

References