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These powerpoint files were produced for the Earth History class at the Free University Berlin, Department of Geological Sciences
The copyright for texts, graphical elements, and images lies with C. Heubeck, unless otherwise specified.
Download, reproduction and redistribution of theses pages in any form is hereby permitted for private, personal, non-commercial, and class-related purposes use as long as the source is identified.
Despite of my efforts, I cannot guarantee the completeness, correctness and actuality of the material.
Prof. Christoph HeubeckInstitut für Geologische WissenschaftenFreie Universität BerlinMalteserstr. 74-10012249 BerlinGERMANY
ph: ++49-(0)30-83870695 fax: ++49-(0)30-83870734cheubeck@zedat.fu-berlin.de http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~cheubeck/
Reservoirs
Today‘s Lecture
• What is a reservoir ?• What types of reservoirs exist ?• Why study petroleum reservoirs ?• Three examples
• Links and Literature
Today‘s Lecture: Reservoirs What is a Petroleum Reservoir ?
A reservoir is that volume of rock that occurs downdip of a seal and updip of the 100% Sw oil-free level. The HCs in the pores are in pressure- and Sw-equilibrium with the free-water level.
A petroleum reservoir is an accumulation of oil (and gas) in porous rock.
2
What kind of reservoirs ?
•Siliciclastic•Carbonate•Fractured
carbonate reservoir facies
• Marine embayment• Sabkha/tidal flat• Restricted shelf/lagoon• Open shelf• Nearshore bar/beach• Offshore bar• Platform/ramp margin shoal• High-energy ramp• Pinnacle reef• Patch reef• Reef mound• Barrier reef• Fringing reef• Skeletal bank• Mud-rich reef mound• Mud-rich skeletal bank• Karst-related detrital wedge• Debris flow/turbidite• Pelagic• Coquina bank
C&C reservoirs
Siliciclastic reservoir facies
Not deep-water• Alluvial fan
• Meandering river• Braided river• Straight/anastomosing river
• Mixed aeolian/fluvial• Erg• Lacustrine delta• Shoreline/shelf• Estuary• Coastal plain• Tidal flat• Barrier-island/lagoon• Strandplain/chenier• Shoreface-shelf
• Delta• Glaciofluvial• Lacustrine river-delta• Lacustrine fan-delta• Fluvial-dominated delta• Wave-dominated delta• Tide-dominated delta• Mixed-influence delta• Marine fan-delta
Deep-water• Debris flow/turbidite• Pelagic• Sublacustrine fan
• Gravel-rich slope/basin• Mud-rich slope/basin• Submarine canyon• Slope apron
• Submarine-fan channel• Submarine-fan lobe• Submarine-fan lobe• Submarine-fan channel levee
C&C reservoirs
Fractured reservoirs
• BASEMENT• BURIAL DOLOMITE• CARBONATE SAND• CHERT AND SILICEOUS SHALE• COAL BED• FORESLOPE CARBONATE• FORESLOPE CHALK• FORESLOPE CHERT• MICROPOROUS CHERT• MICROPOROUS DIATOMITE• MICROPOROUS DOLOMITE• MICROPOROUS LIMESTONE• MUDDY CARBONATE• MUDDY DOLOMITE• ORGANIC BUILDUP• SHALE• SHALE AND SILTSTONE• SHELF CHALK• SILICEOUS SHALE• TIGHT SANDSTONE• VOLCANICS• KARSTIC/ CARBONATE SAND• KARSTIC/ MUDDY CARBONATE• KARSTIC/ MUDDY DOLOMITE• KARSTIC/ ORGANIC BUILDUP• LOW-RESISTIVITY SANDSTONE• TIGHT CONGLOMERATE• TIGHT SANDSTONE
3
Zhanjiajie, Hunan Province
A reservoir is a tank to be drained
The view of your Petroleum Engineer
Questions you need to answer
• What is the most efficient way to empty the tank ?• What do I need to know about its internal structure ?• What obstacles am I likely to encounter ?
One of the main objectives of reservoir geology evaluation is toexamine the impact of reservoir heterogeneities on reservoir behaviour.
Why study Petroleum Reservoirs ?
4
1-100µ
0.1-10 mm
1-10 cm
0.1-1m
0.1-10 km
Levels of Reservoir Heterogeneity
1- 100 m
k, So/Sw , flow, formation damage
Flow patterns, drainage efficiency,
vertical and lateral sweep efficiency
HC volume, areal distribution,
play trends
How is permeability (k) and porosity (φ) related ?
Grain and Pore Scale
Kaolinite
Hairy IlliteRotliegendes-Problem
http://www.creationresearch.org/vacrc/sem02.html
“The geological and reservoir properties of sedimentary rocks depend upon an interplay of tectonics, sea level, sediment supply, physical and biological processes of sediment transport and deposition, and climate.”
Reservoir Heterogeneity Matrix
Back barrierFluvially-dom. deltaFine-grained meanderbeltSubmarine fans
Coarse-grained meander beltBraid delta
Basin-floor turbidites
High
Braided streamTide-domainated delta
Shelf barsAlluvial fansFan deltaLacustrine deltaDistal delta frontWave-modified delta(proximal)
EolianWave-modified delta(distal)
Meander beltFluvially-dominateddeltaBack barrier
Delta-front mouth barProximal delta frontTidal depositsMud-rich strand plain
Wave-dominated deltaBarrier coreBarrier shorefaceSand-rich shoreface
Low
HighModerateLow
Lateral Heterogeneity
Vertical
Hetero
gen
eity
Moderate
5
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Depositional Environments
Porosity (%)
Air P
erm
eabi
lity
(mD
)
Swamp
Lagoon
Tidal Flat
Tidal Ridge
Barrier Bar Beach
Average and Limits of porosity and permeability
After Nagtegaal, 1978; modified from Selley, 1998
DEs take influence through grain size, sorting, clay content, mineralogy
How is permeability (k) and porosity (φ) related ?
Reservoir-Scale: 3-Dimensionality; Heterogeneity
φ max ?φ min
Kmax ?K min ?
Namib
http://www.bdrg.esci.keele.ac.uk/Staff/mountney/sedimentary_research/sed_research_frames.htm
Navajo Sandstone, UtahÄolische Dünen
Instructions from a Guru(Bob Sneider) What data are available ?
Pressure (sand body connectedness)Repeat Formation Tester
Pcurrent directions, lithofaciesLithology, curve shape analysisPorosity, curve shape analysis
LogsFMS / FMISP,GRSonic, density, neutron
Water depth, dep environment, time line; pcurrent direction, lithofacies
Paleontology (micro, macro, traces), Palynology
Facies, dep environmentPaleocourrent directionsMineralogy, lithologyMineralogy, lithology
Core (slabbed or oriented)Sidewall coresCuttingsThin sections
UseData Type
6
How is permeability (k) and porosity (φ) related ?
Basin scale
CoreLab PromotionaryMaterial
Three samples of ~21 % porosity
CoreLab PromotionaryMaterial
Three samples of ~21 % porosity
CoreLab PromotionaryMaterial
Three samples of ~21 % porosity
7
How does depositionalenvironment affect reservoir
properties ?
Deep-water fan morphology
Upper Fan
Mid-Fan
Lower Fan
Channel-Mouth Bar
Lobe Fringe
Basin Plain
Lobes
Slope
Lobes
Lobes
Lobes
OverbanksChannels
Basin PlainG
SlopeF
OverbankE
Lobe FringeD
LobeC
Distal ChannelB
ProximalChannelA
Reservoir PotentialLow high
DepositionalPorosity
low high
Lateral ContinuityPoor good
LayerThickness1 10 100
Lithologyms ss cgl
PrincipalEnvironment
MuttiFacies
Reservoir potential of turbidite facies Example: Model of deep-water fan morphology
8
Three Examples
• Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska• Seneca Field, Ohio• Pecos Field, Alberta
All scanned graphs from articles in
John H. Barwis, John G. McPherson, Joseph R.J. Studlick, 1990, SandstonePetroleum Reservoirs (Casebooks in Earth Sciences): Springer Verlag New York, 582 p.
•Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska
Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska
http://www.arcticphoto.co.uk
http://www.channel6.dk/native/uk/page214.html
Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska
Permian braid-plain stream and gravelly delta deposits
9
Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska / Salar del Carmen, N ChilePrudhoe Bay Field, Alaska / Sierra de Argomedo, N Chile
Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska / Sierra de Argfomedo, N Chile Prudhoe Bay Field, Alaska
Vertical view from bridge, south of Santa Cruz
10
Type log• Lithology• Permeability• Porosity• Depositional
Environment
Relationship between petrophysical and geological parameter
Which facies has the better reservoir quality ?
Seneca Gas Field
Lower Silurian isopach map (in ft) in SE Ohio showing 3 major depositional lobes
Seneca Gas Field: Log-correlation
11
Seneca Gas Field: Core sketchesSeneca Gas Field: Sand Isopachs
Seneca Gas Field: Sand Isopachs Seneca Gas Field: Sand Isopachs
Prallhang
GleithangMäander
Altwasser (abgeschnittenerMäanderarm)
Mäanderhals (zukünftigeAbkürzung des Flußlaufs)
Flussaue
Gleithang
12
Seneca Gas Field: Sand Isopachs Seneca Gas Field: Detailed isopach mapping
“Birdfoot Delta” geometry
Peco Gas Field: Structural Cross section
Anticline in footwall of thrust sheet
Peco Gas Field: Structure Map Top Reservoir
13
Peco Gas Field: Type log description
Fining-upward fluvial facies
Peco Gas Field: Stratigraphic cross-section Through Peco A, N Pool
Thickness and lateral extent of reservoir
Peco Gas Field: Facies, reservoir character
Lectura 11 (Summary: Reservesand Resources, unconventional HC)
Lab 10 (PetroMod)
Lectura 10 (Exploration: Hydrocarbon classificationof basins; play types)
Vi
Lectura 8 (Geophysics in exploration and reservoirmanagement)
Lab 9 (Loggingexercise)
Lectura 9 (Loggingconcepts and tools; quantitative evaluation of lithology, fluids, and porosity)
Ju
Lectura 7 (Reservoir engineering: Drive mechanisms, phase behavior, production problems, scaleformation etc.)
Lab 5 (Boundwater, capillarityexercise)
Lectura 5 (Reservoir petrophysics: capillarypressure, pore-sizedistribution, bound wateretc.)
Mi
Lectura 6 (The reservoir: Lithology, geometry, and facies. Reservoir characterization and management)
Lab 4 (Porositycalculation)
Lectura 4 (porosidad, permeabilidad)
Ma
Lectura 3 (Geochemistry: Origin of HC; organic matter, source rocks, accumulation. The "petroleumkitchen")
Lab 2 (Internet resources)
Lectura 1 / 2 (Introduction; The petroleum system)
Lu
15:15-16:4511:30-13:009:15-10:45
LecturaPracticaLectura
14
Links•http://www.ccreservoirs.com/reservoirtypes.htm
(3 lists of approx. 300 fields in each category; along with some short description / classification: good enough for a start).
Literature• John H. Barwis, John G. McPherson, Joseph R.J.
Studlick, 1990, Sandstone Petroleum Reservoirs (Casebooks in Earth Sciences): Springer Verlag New York, 582 p.
Links and Literature
Recommended