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Review of the period of 600-1450 for AP World History
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Unit 2 ReviewPost-classical societies
Big Picture Questions
What happens when people come into contact with each other?
Why do some things change while others stay the same?
How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
How do societies organize themselves socially, and what roles to men and women play?
How do people identify themselves and express themselves culturally and intellectually?
How do people govern themselves?
What happens when people come into contact with each other? Tremendous growth in long-distance trade (Silk Road,
Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan trade, Mediterranean Sea)
What happens when people come into contact with each other?
Pax Mongolia – order established along Mongol empire – trade and interaction at their peak
Why do some things change while others stay the same?
Changes: Classical empires had fallen, new political units of organization developed to respond to new challenges
Nomadic migrations caused change (Turks and Mongols)
Continuity: Religion continued to be important and continued to spread
Continuity: Classical trade routes continue to grow in importance
Continuity: Patriarchal gender structures
How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
Major technological developments shaped the development of the world.
Movement of people greatly altered the world
How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
The compass, improved shipbuilding technology, gunpowder
How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
Bantu migrations spread farming and crops, language
Leads to cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa
How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
Turks significant in the spread of Islam, and trade
How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
Mongols bring order to trade routes, contribute to spread of religions
How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
Vikings contribute to trade and influence Europe’s political developments
How does the development of new technology and movement of people affect the world?
Bubonic Plague devastates populations – spread due to movement of people and increased interaction
Northern Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa and India spared
How do societies organize themselves socially, and what roles to men and women play?
Spread of universal religions such as Islam, Christianity and Buddhism preached equality of all believers in the eyes of God
Monastic life of Buddhism and Christianity offered alternative path for women
In China, foot binding
How do people identify themselves and express themselves culturally and intellectually?
Religion acted as unifying force – Christianity in western Europe, Islam in North Africa, Southwest Asia (Dar al-Islam), Buddhism and Confucianism in East Asia
How do people govern themselves?
After fall of classical empires, political structures in many areas adapted or changed to new conditions.
Byzantine empire, Arab Caliphates, Tang and Song dynasties build off successful models of the past
Europe and Japan decentralized – develop new systems to meet unique challenges – Feudalism
Mongol movements lead to largest empire – alters much of Asia’s political structure
Recovery from Mongol rule introduced new political structures in many areas
What happened in this period?
Europe and China went through periods of decentralization
China reunited as an imperial empire
Roman empire never reunited successfully in Europe
Regional kingdoms developed in Europe
Islam is the new player on the scene – will have a major impact on cultures, politics, economics and intellectual developments
Muslim scholarship is adopted by West African and European leaders
Nomadic movements integrate world more
Europe begins to explore world toward the end of the period
Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
Song Dynasty (960-1229 CE)
Islamic Caliphates
Byzantine Empire (4th Century-1453)
W. Europe – Early Middle Ages (500-1000)
Japan (600-1000)
The Delhi Sultanate
Nomadic Empires
Vikings (Around 800-1100) Settled in Scandinavia
Raids conducted to supplement farm production
Small, maneuverable boats used to terrorize coastal communities
Evolved from plunderers to traders – North and Baltic Seas
Great seafarers
Vikings in France known as Normans
William invades England – 1066
Vikings Christianized and absorbed into European society
Turks (Around 1000-1450) Pastoral nomads from central
Asian steppes
Hired as mercenary soldiers by Muslim leaders
Seljuk Turks convert to Islam
Seljuk Turks invade Abbasid territory- capture Baghdad
1071 – Defeat the Byzantine Empire and take most of Anatolia
Afghan Turks raid India in 10th century – destroy Hindu temples
Turks create Delhi Sultanate – spread Islam into N. India
Mongols (Around 1200-1550) Pastoral nomads from central
Asian steppes
Clan based society organized around kin
Great horsemen
Temujin united Mongol tribes – became Genghis Khan
Males age 17-70 served in military
“Submit and live. Resist and Die”
Raided settled societies
Mamluks defeat Mongols in 1260- stop movement into region
Yuan Dynasty Kublai Khan defeated
Song Dynasty
Establishes Yuan Dynasty
Fixed, regular tax system
Foreigners employed in bureaucracy
No civil service exam
Chinese purposely separated from Mongols – different laws
Horse relay connected Beijing to Vienna
Middle East: Ilkhanates
Hulegu (Kublai’s brother) defeated Abbasid Caliphate
Mongols in Middle East employ local bureaucrats in gov’t
Convert to Islam by 1295
Local rulers remain as long as they pay taxes & maintain order
Mongol culture mixed with local cultures
Russia: The Golden Horde Mongol ruler Batu
conquered and ruled Russia
Kept large number of local rulers intact
Heavy taxes collected by Russian bureaucrats
Trade supported
Muslim conversion encouraged
Christian missionaries allowed to visit
Pax Mongolia Peak of Mongolian power
Huge areas of Asia and Europe under one rule – religious tolerance
Lasted 100 years – united two continents
Allowed trade and contact between different cultures by eliminating tariffs
Silk Road trade reaches greatest height – paper money used throughout empire
Failed invasion of Japan due to typhoon winds
Mongols poor administrators – only last a few generations
Rivalry among successors weaken empire – by 1350 most lands reconquered by other armies
Impact of Interaction
West African Kingdoms
Domesticated camels = increased trade across Sahara
Muslim and N. African merchants establish relations with W. Africa – Spread of Islam as a result of trade
Ghana (500-1200) – important commercial center for trade in gold from south (built large army by taxing trade and gold)
Ghana kings converted to Islam – improved trade relations
Mali (1235 – 1400s) – controlled and taxed all trade – Islamic rulers – Capital at Timbuktu
Mansa Musa – traveled to Mecca, built schools and mosques
Christianity in North and East Africa
Began in 1st century – most people converted to Islam by 700
Christians remained in Egypt and Ethiopia
Ethiopia evolves into a Christian kingdom with unique traditions and architecture
Monasticism in Egypt (Coptic) and Ethiopia
Christians allowed to worship freely
Unique linguistic and artistic expression emerge
East African City-States Indian Ocean trade integrates East Africa
Bantu people had settled on coast and interacted with Arab merchants – Swahili language is a direct result of interaction
Swahili city-states - Mogadishu, Kilwa, Sofala
Islamic merchants traded gold, ivory and slaves for pottery, glass and textiles from Persia, China, and India
City-states grew wealthy – built mosques
1200s – Great Zimbabwe built
Ruling elite and merchants convert to Islam, do not completely give up traditional cultural and religious customs
Europe: High Middle Ages
Pre-modern economy begins to develop by 1100
Increase in trade stimulates growth of commercial cities in heart of Europe
Bruges (in Flanders) – located on rivers connecting North Sea and Central Europe – imported wool from England
Hamburg – part of Hanseatic League – major port on North Sea
Florence – controlled flow of goods up and down peninsula – became banking center
The Crusades
Christian holy wars against “infidels”
Pope Urban II sent crusaders to recapture Palestine from Muslims
1st crusades – capture Edessa, Antioch and Jerusalem
1187 – Muslims retake Jerusalem
4th Crusade – conquer Constantinople – weaken Byzantine Empire
Crusades encouraged trade with Muslim Merchants – benefit Italian city-states like Venice, Genoa
Long Distance Trade This period characterized by increase in long-distance trade
Overland – silk, precious stones
Sea trade – steel, stone, coral, building materials
Silk Road linked Eurasian land mass through trade
Trans-Saharan trade connected West Africa
Indian Ocean Trade linked China, Southeast Asia, India, Arabia, and East Africa
Mediterranean Sea linked Europe with goods from the Muslim World and Asia
Collapse of Mongol empire leads to economic dominance of Indian Ocean trade network
Missionary Campaigns
Buddhism – Theravada Buddhism spreads in Southeast Asia and Mahayana Buddhism spreads to Central and East Asia
Adapted to polytheism and cultural traditions in central Asia – becomes popular in Tibet
Missionaries spread Buddhism to Korea and Japan
Christianity also a missionary religion
Missionary spread religion to N. Europe – sponsored by Pope
Eastern Orthodox Church spreads into Russia and E. Europe
Adopted to pagan beliefs (saints) and holidays (winter solstice)
Nestorian Christianity spread in Persia and Mesopotamia
Agricultural and Technological Diffusion
Increased interaction leads to spread of agriculture and technology
Compass – From China to Europe via Indian Ocean Trade increased maritime trade and exploration
Sugarcane – From SW Asia to European crusaders led to Italian Mediterranean island plantations and increase in slave labor
Gunpowder – From China to Persia, Middle East, and Europe by the Mongols increased weapon technology
Travelers
Rabban Sauma (1225-1294) – Nestorian priest from Mongolia in China – tried to get Europeans to support Mongol cause
Marco Polo (1253-1324) – Merchant from Venice traveled throughout the Mongol empire – influenced European interest in goods from the East
Ibn Battuta (1304-1369) – Muslim scholar from Morocco traveled throughout Dar al-Islam, W, Africa, India, SE Asia – demonstrated widespread influence of Islam
The Spread of Disease: The Plague 1340s – late 1600s
Black Death (Bubonic Plague) spread from Yunnan region of SW China
Infected rodents – fleas spread disease to humans
1340s spread by Mongol merchants and travelers on Silk Roads
Most victims died within days
Significant population decrease – created labor shortages
Weakened feudal system
Anti-Semitism increased – Jews used as scapegoats and accused of poisoning wells
Christians questioned faith
Recovery and Renaissance in Asia and EuropeBeginning Around 1400 CE
Political Developments
China (Ming Dynasty)
Hongwu started dynasty after collapse of Yuan (Mongols)
Eliminate evidence of Mongol rule
Reinstated civil service
Policies implemented by mandarins
Conscript labor – rebuild irrigation
Private merchants continued to trade
Europe Developed strong powerful
monarchies
Taxed citizens, maintained large standing armies
Italy, Venice, Milan, Florence benefit from trade – increased tax collection
Kings in France and England control feudal lords
Competition among European rulers = increase in military tech
Roots of European dominance
Intellectual Developments
China
Neo-Confucianism – stressed filial piety, self-discipline, obedience to rulers
Yongle Encyclopedia
Increase in printing
Pop. Culture – The Dream of the Red Chamber, Journey to the West
Jesuit missionaries introduce European science and technology – fail to convert Chinese
Europe
Increased interaction leads to interest in outside world
Renaissance – intellectual and artistic movement
Contact with Islam reintroduces Greek and Roman texts (Arabs had translated classics)
Humanism looked to classics to update medieval thought
Wealth in Italy funded artists (Medici family)
Exploration
China
Ming refurbished navy
1405-1433 – seven expeditions
Reestablish presence in Indian Ocean
Impose imperial control on trade
Zheng He – led expeditions
Abandoned to focus on protecting northern border
Europe
Seek profits, spread Christianity, adventure
Spices expensive due to long journey
Portuguese begin exploring ways around Muslim middlemen
Prince Henry the Navigator
Race to dominate seas in Europe begins
American CivilizationThe Mexica, Maya, and Inca
Maya (300-900 CE)
Borrowed from Olmec tradition
Yucatan Peninsula
Agricultural economy
Ritualistic polytheism
Urban areas with thousands of people
Indep. city-states linked by trade
Maize and beans – staple crops
Astronomical consideration for location and architecture of buildings such as those in Tikal
Mexica (Aztec) – Around 1400 -1521
Used fighting skills to gain control around Lake Texcoco
Militant warrior tradition
Priestly class oversaw rituals
Extensive pantheon – polytheistic
Tenochtitlan – 150,000 inhabitants
Agricultural economy – cacao beans used as currency
Decentralized network of city-states that paid tribute
Innovative farming techniques
Inca (Around 1400 – 1540) South American highlands
Covered 3,000 miles – absorbed many Andean tribes
Centralized empire – capital at Cuzco
Extensive, irrigated agricultural economy – innovative techniques
Large urban centers
Polytheistic – center around worship of the sun - religion helped rulers secure political authority as elsewhere
Patriarchal society with few rights for women
SUMMARY
Improved technology = more long distance trade
Trade on Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean Sea, Trans-Saharan routes spread ideas, technology, religion and disease
Better ship building, compass, gun powder shaped development of the world
Nomadic interaction with settled societies led to improved technology, change, increased trade and conflict (Vikings, Mongols, Turks)
Religions preached equality in eyes of God – Monastic life offered alternative path for women (Christianity and Buddhism)
Religion as unifying force, sometimes conflict
Political structures changed and adapted
Change Over Time
Describe and analyze the impact of nomads in ONE of the following areas from 600 to 1450. Be sure to discuss continuities as well as changes.
East Asia (China and/or Japan) Russia Middle East
Comparative Essay
Major religions and philosophies have served as the foundation for many societies. Discuss the similarities and differences in the political and social influence that two of the following religions had on their respective societies from 600 – 1450.
Christianity – Europe Islam – West Africa Buddhism - China
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