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The Art of Late AntiquityReading:Stokstad, 217-233
Range:c. 200 CE-476 CELate Antique
Key Terms/Concepts:syncretism, catacomb, narrative image, iconic image, orant, torah niche, baptistery, chi-rho, basilica, centrally planned, spolia, Christianity, Judaism, Mithraism, proselytizing,
Key Monuments: Jewish Catacomb, Villa Torlonia,
Rome, 3rd century CE Good Shepherd, Orants, and
the Story of Jonah, Catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Late 3rd-Early 4th century
The Parting of the Red Sea, Torah Niche, House Synagogue, Dura Europos, 244-45 CE.
Parting of Abraham and Lot, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, c. 422-432 CE.
Rome
100 CE of 60 million people fewer than 10,000 were Christians.
200 CE of 60 million people about 200,000 were Christians.
312 CE of 60 million people no more than 5.5 million people were Christians.
Menorah
Trumpets
Spoils Relief, Arch of Titus, Rome, 81 CE
Menorah MenorahArk of the Covenant
Jewish Catacomb, Villa Torlonia, Rome, 3rd century CE
Jona
h
Jonah
Jonah
PeterMarcelinus
Good Shepherd, Orants, and the Story of Jonah, Catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Late 3rd-Early 4th century
Narrative Image
Figures from the Story of Jonah, Turkey (?), Late Third Century CE
Jonah given to the whale Jonah being cast up Jonah resting under the arbor
Sarcophagus with Endymion, early 3rd Century CE
Sarcophagus with Jonah, c. 270 BCE
Syncretism is the conscious or unconscious adaptation of images from one tradition to another, giving the image a new meaning.
Good Shepherd
PeterMarcelinus
Good Shepherd, Orants, and the Story of Jonah, Catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Late 3rd-Early 4th century
Iconic Image“The Lord is my shepherd: therefore can I lack nothing. He shall feed me in a green pasture: and lead me forth beside the waters of comfort […] Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil: for thou art with me […] thy loving-kindness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life: and I will dwell in the house of the Lord for ever.”
The Good Shepherd, Turkey (?), Late Third Century CE
Hermes Kriophoros, Crete, 620 BCE
Syncretism is the conscious or unconscious adaptation of images from one tradition to another, giving the image a new meaning.
Orant Orant
Orant
PeterMarcelinus
Good Shepherd, Orants, and the Story of Jonah, Catacomb of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, Rome, Late 3rd-Early 4th century
Iconic Image
Orant Figure (Jonah), Turkey (?), Late Third Century CE.
Man with raised arms, Arlon, Belgium, c. 3rd century CE
Orant Figures
Dura Europos, Syria
Dura Europos, Syria, Aerial View.
House Church
House Synagogue
Mithraeum
Dura Europos
Built c. 300 BCE Inhabited until 256 CE.
House Church
House Synagogue
Mithraeum
Dura Europos
Built c. 300 BCE. Inhabited until 256 CE.
House Synagogue (Exterior), Dura Europos, Syria, 244-245.
House Synagogue (Plan), Dura Europos, Syria, 244-245.
Assembly Room
Torah Niche, House Synagogue, Dura Europos,244-45.
Torah Niche
Torah Reading, Congregation Beth Israel.
Torah Niche, Dura Europos, c. 244-245 CE
Torah Niche, House Synagogue, Dura Europos,244-45.
Torah Niche Adoption of Moses
Samuel anointing
David
Aaron at his Temple
Elijah reviving a Child
Temple of Dagon
Mordechai being led to Achashverosh
The Miraculous
WellClosed Temple
Prophets
The Parting of the Red Sea, Torah Niche, House Synagogue, Dura Europos, 244-45 CE
Moses
Moses
Egyptian Soldiers
Hands of God
Egyptian Soldiers
*Continuous Narrative
House Church
House Synagogue
Mithraeum
Dura Europos
Built c. 300 BCE. Inhabited until 256 CE.
Christian House Church, Dura Europos, Syria, c. 244-245 CE
Mee
ting
Hall
Cour
tyar
d
Bapti
ster
y
Baptistery, House Church, Dura Europos, 244-245 CE
Reconstruction of the Baptistery, House Church, Dura Europos, 244-245 CE
Good Shepherd Leading His Flock, Baptistery, House Church, Dura Europos, 244-245 CE
Christ Healing the Paralyzed, Baptistery, House Church, Dura Europos, 244-245 CE
Reconstruction Drawing
House Church
House Synagogue
Mithraeum
Dura Europos
Built c. 300 BCE. Inhabited until 256 CE.
Reconstruction of the Mithraeum, Dura Europos, 168-210 CE
Shrine to Mithras, Mithraeum, Dura Europos, 168-210 CE
Reconstruction of the Shrine, Mithraeum, Dura Europos, 168-210 CE
Slaying the Mithran Bull, Mithraeum, Dura Europos, 210 CE
Constantine and Christianity
“Under this sign, conquer.”
*Constantine legalizes Christianity by signing the Edict of Milan in 313 CE
Constantine and Christianity
*This is seen as a land conflict but also a defense of the Christians by Constantine.
Licinius also stopped honoring the Edict of Milan, persecuting Christians in his lands.
Constantine and Christianity
*Throughout his reign Constantine financially supported both pagan and Christian building projects.
Constantine converted to Christianity on his deathbed in 337.
Basilicas
Basilica of Trajan, Rome, 112 Aula Palatina, Trier, 300-325
Aula Palatina, Trier, 4th century CE
Basilica Ulpia, Forum of Trajan, Rome, 112-117, dedicated 117 CE.
Centrally Planned Churches
Church of Santa Costanza Plan, Rome, c. 350 CE
Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome, c. 14 CE
Church of Santa Costanza, Rome, c. 350 CE
Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome, c. 14 CE
Church of Santa Costanza Plan, Rome, c. 350 CE
Wine Making, Church of Santa Costanza, Rome, c. 350 CE
Dionysus Seated Among Vines, House of the Masks, Delos Late 2nd Century BCE
John 15:1-17 “I am the true vine, and my Father is the vinedresser…”
Christianity under Theodosius
395 CETheodosius divides the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western regions.
*Theodosius I asserted Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire in 380 and ordered the dismantlement of all pagan temples and monuments in 391. Theodosius I (379-395)
Christianity after Theodosius
395 CETheodosius divides the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western regions.
*The successors of Theodosius I continued to strengthen Christianity as a powerful force in both the East and the West.
Honorius I (395-423)
Byzantine Empire
Church of Santa Sabina, Rome, c. 422-432.
Church of Santa Sabina, Rome, c. 422-432.
Spolia
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, c. 432-440.
Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, c. 432-440.
Parting of Abraham and Lot, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, c. 422-432.
The Sack of Jericho, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, c. 422-432.
The Virgin Crowned as Queen of Heaven, Santa Maria Maggiore, Rome, Apsidal Mosaic redone in 1294 by Jacopo Torriti.
The Fall of the Western Empire
395 CETheodosius divides the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western regions.
*By 476, all of Italy was under the control of the Ostrogoths.
Byzantine Empire
410
418
402
476
The Conquest of the West
Byzantine Empire
“An able Goth wants to be like a Roman; only a poor Roman would want to be like a Goth.” –Theodoric, King of the Visigoths
Critical Thinking Questions
1. What role did Constantine and Theodosius play in the art and religion of the late Roman Empire?
2. What is syncretism? How is it used in early Christian and Jewish art?
3. What is spolia? How does it manifest in Late Antiquity?
4. How does the basilica change in Late Antiquity?
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