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The development of religion in the British Isles, particularly Wales and Ireland and the Irish influence. Identifying Saxon cemeteries from burial goods.
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Cultures of Post-Roman BritainRoman, British, Irish, ‘Anglo-Saxon’
HousingLanguageReligion
DressBurial
Literacy• Latin church generally discouraged vernacular• Byzantine church encouraged vernacular• Irish traditions
– Fosterage – Learned class– Aristocratic children in monastic schools– Early use of vernacular
• Anglo-Saxon macho opposition to learning?• Alfred
Education – Ogham and RomanInchmarnock ~750
adeptus sanctum praemium, ‘having reached the holy reward’.
Proposed Evolution of Written Language
Christianity in Britain and Ireland
St Cuileáin's bell shrine
Popular Christianity in Roman Britain
Water NewtonBarkway
Pelagianism in Britain
• Pelagianism, a belief labeled a heresy, denied original sin
• In 429 British bishops invite Germanus and Lupus to Britain to debate with Pelagians
• Germanus returns in 445 (military or religious purpose?)
Ireland I - St. Palladius
• Perhaps the Palladius who recommended the mission of St. Germanus
• Sent to Ireland in 431 to preach to Christians in Ireland
Pre-Patrician Ireland
Ireland II - St. Patrick
• Confessions• Letter to Coroticus
Disciples of St. Patrick
• Irish monasticism– Based on desert monasticism of St. Antony of
Egypt– Move to isolated places – outside the
kingdoms– Voluntary exile – Scotland; western Britain
Disciples and Successors of St. Patrick
• St. Kentigern (Mungo) –Strathclyde (d. 612)
• St. Columba - Iona
Scotland - St. Ninian (Uinniau)
• Disciple of St. Martin of Tours?• Apostle to southern Picts c. 400• Monastery at Whithorn (Candida Casa)
Christian Sites North Britain
WhithornEvidence for 6th C. church
Whithorn
Latinus
Te Domine Laudamus…
‘Celtic’ Stones
Kirkmadrine
Bêdh Morgan Morganwg
St. Columba
• Born in Donegal c. 521 (Colum Cille) • Active in Dal Riata (Irish Scotland)• Founded Iona c. 560• Iona becomes the nucleus for
Christianity in Northumbria
Christian Sites – Northern Britain
Hadrian’s Wall
Antonine WallIona
Cathach of Columba
Penitentials
• Codification of penalties• Perhaps based on secular law• Possibility of repeat offenses• Finnian of Clonard (c. 550) → Columbanus• Gildas
Irish Church – Continental Influence
• Columbanus – Return to Continent• Monasticism• Manuscript production
Columbanus• Born Ireland c, 540• 583 Annegray• 590 Luxeuil • 610 Exiled• 613 St. Gall, Switz.• 614 Bobbio, Italy• 615 Death
Christianity in Wales
• Samson 485-565 Welsh born; missionary to Brittany
• St Brynach – Nevern (6th cent.)• David, 520-588 Patron Saint
LlanBurial enclosure Cemetery w. church Church Town w. church
Christian SitesSouthern Britain500 CE
Evidence for Saxon Presence
• Cemeteries– Grave goods; Anglo-Saxon pottery
• Weapons in male graves
– Burials (where present) – N-S alignment– [Christian burials – E-W alignment]
• Rune inscriptions (rare)• Sunken buildings• Jewelry
Evidence for Saxon Development
• Increasingly elaborate sets of grave goods• Concentration of grave goods• Adoption of Saxon culture by native
Britons
‘Saxon’ Cemeteries – pre 575
Evidence for Early Settlements-rune inscriptions
Evidence for Early Settlements-tunic styles
Brooches-Roman Influence
QuoitPenannular
Fastening a penannular brooch1. With the ring of the pin upside down, push the pin of the
brooch through the fabric, picking up a couple of layers.2. Flip the ring portion of the brooch over, so that the open ends
are aligned with the end of the pin.3. Bring the end of the pin through the gap and above the
terminals, then rotate the ring until the end of the pin moves past the terminals,
1. 2. 3.
Brooches - Regionalism
Brooches-Kent
c. 630520-550
Anglian
Wrist Clasp
Cruciform, Lincolnshire
Equal Arm BroochMucking, Essex Weser-Elbe region
Frankish Artifacts
Darenth Bowl, Dartford Riseley Beads
Bracteate, Undley Common near Lakenheath, Suffolk450-500 “Howling She-Wolf”
Saxon Advent - Summary
• Peoples from a number of areas– Differences in local culture in England– Not always distinguishable– Includes, besides Anglo-Saxons, Frisians and
Franks– Styles adopted by natives?
• Exposure to Roman culture, literacy, Christianity
• Continued contact with the Continent
Britain 500 CE
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