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Working Together for a Be0er Kachin Landscape Peter & co -‐ Shalom Foundation, Myitkyina U Myint Aung & co -‐ Friends of Wildlife,
Myanmar Jake & co -‐ IUCN Oliver & Mark-‐ University of East Anglia, UK Tim -‐ London School of Economics, UK Kevin – UC Berkeley, US
This session 1. CONNECTING [10m] v Meet your neighbours
2. UNDERSTANDING KACHIN [30m]
v Resource conservaHon & development under conflict
3. DISCUSSION [35m] v Develop insights from experience
4. SHARING [15m] v Report to the group
1 CONNECTING [10 minutes]
� Introduce yourselves to neighbours on your table
� Who are you & what do you do?
2. UNDERSTANDING KACHIN
a. Resource conflict issues
b. Resources
c. Timeline
d. Our project process
e. Stakeholders & geopoliHcs
a. The issue: resource conflict
� New reality of intensifying pressures on landscape resources
� Interdependence requires coordinaOon & regulated use for sustainability and equity
� A ‘landscape approach’ to resource governance involves mulO stakeholder negoOaOon, compromise, adapOve co-‐learning
� In the real world abuse of power and violent conflict ! agreement difficult
� What can be done to improve processes;
� what lessons can be learnt?
1.7m popl 35,000 m2
4 of the 7 Myanmar sites expected to be proposed for World Heritage status
Kachin contains some of the most important conservaHon areas in Myanmar & SE Asia
C. BUT troubled history & elusive peace 1886 BriOsh colonial annexaOon 1947 Panglong Agreement ‘Full autonomy in
the administra2on of the Fron2er Areas is accepted in principle’
1948 Burmese Independence from BriOsh 1962 Ne Win military coup [ Kachin
Independence Army (KIA) formed [ fighOng
1988-‐9 DemonstraOons, elecOon, but cancelled, Than Shwe military coup
1993 Kachin Ceasefire 2011 FighOng resumed by Burmese Army –
frequent atrociOes against civilians 2015 parOal naOonal ceasefire agreement –KIA
not parOcipaOng; 2015 November -‐ general elecOon November
Myitsone dam plan 2007 dam cascade deal – China Power Industry /Max
Myanmar crony /Than Shwe dictatorship � 7 dam – Myitsone 6,000 megawa0 140m high û No public consultaOon û High silt load, lifeOme brief û Buy Operate Transfer deal -‐ electricity to China costs
of decommissioning to Myanmar û No transparency -‐ secret contract û corrupt signing fee payment to senior military figure û Environmental Impact Assessment nonsense û tectonically acOve – very high risk of massive failure 2007 Dam building commenced, evicOons 2011 Dam site bombing & naOonal mass movement 2011 – President Thein Sein suspended dam
construcOon for decision by next President Conflict resumed, exacerbated
Inundated areas = much of Kachin û flood areas ‘size of Singapore’
û Se0lements & food producOon lands
û confluence areas and much of river culturally revered by Kachin
û highest conservaOon value area in region / global
û KIA territory to be flooded = military strategy
Seismic hazard
Rese0lement
• BASIC CONSTRUCTION ABILITIES INADEQUATE • NO ALTERNATE LAND FOR FOOD PRODUCTION • SOME RETURNING FROM DESPERATION BUT INTIMIDATED AND TORTURED
Over-‐logging[ forest degradaOon land conversion [ deforestaOon
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
2011-‐2012 2012-‐2013 2013-‐2014
Conversion Hmber Bamaw & Shweku townships, Kachin
state (MTE data) No of trees felled
Volume (HT)
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
Num
bar o
f Trees
Myitkyina Forest Management Unit Other Hardwoods (FD data)
AAC
Felled
• Official over-‐extraction compared to the Annual Allowable Cut -‐ resource exhausted
• Massive volumes of conversion timber from agribusiness concessions
SystemaHc illegal Hmber extracHon by Chinese Hmber agents in concert with Burmese military, Kachin Independence Army
Land grabbing !unaccounted conversion timber Domestic supply criminalized
Community forestry successful with Shalom facilitaOon but scaling up not being approved by Chief Minister
TradiOonal Taungya – Long fallows forest culOvaOon
• Traditional Kachin food security system
• Sustainable fallowing – promotes forest recovery & timber production
• Biodiverse mosaic • Hostile policy environment – tenure insecurity & eviction
Fisheries � EssenOal source of nutriOon
� EssenOal livelihood acOvity
� Fish biodiversity
� Fishery aucOon system pro-‐elite / excluding common ciOzens
� Criminal gangs using destrucOve electro & explosive fishing
� Mercury toxicity
Mining & polluOon • Widespread valuable deposits: gold, jade, molybdenum etc.
• Mining degrading land
• Gold refining – widespread release of mercury = serious public health crisis
A cartoonist’s view:
“These are our poliOcians”
Our project
Village action research
Technical review
Multi stakeholder Policy influencing workshop
Support to implement improved NR policies & practices
Kachin parliament-‐arians 2014
Activating Township Environmental Conservation Committees
Discussion [30 mins] In each table:
1. How to reconcile resource conservaHon with development in non-‐conflict context – what is your experience? (sustainably & equity)
2. How does conflict situaHon affect this– how to proceed in Kachin?
Please share your experiences and impressions [on 1 page of whiteboard for each & prepare to report]
ReflecOon
� What have we learnt?
� What are the implicaOons for Kachin scenario?
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