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the stone age
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UNIT 1
THE STONE AGE
• It is the dicipline that studies the past of human beings. A personwho writes history is called historian.
History helps us to understand more about ourselves. It tells us where wecome from, and explains our culture and traditions.
When we talk about the past we need to say when things happened. Our calendar starts with the birth of Christ in year 1. We countbackwards from his birth to say things that happened before Christwas born.
For things that happened before Christ was born, we add BCto the number
For things that happened after Christ we add AD (AnnoDomini)
If the date doesn´t say AD or BC, it is always AD
Attention
NOW
|Birth of Christ
B.C A.D
| |||2013 A.D1000 A.D
300 A.D100 B.C1000 B.C
|
500B.C
OLDER NEWER
Timeline
Grouping dates
Historians like to put events that happened at around the same time into groups:
Decade: 10 years Century 100 years Millenium 1000 years An era or age is a long period of time but isn´t a particular number of years
Talking about dates
To say a year we normally split it into two numbers
Example: 1492 Fourteen ninety-two
Not written
• Monuments
• Buildings
• Human or physical remains
• Tools
• Oral testimonies
• Photographs
• Art
Written
• Newspapers
• Books
• Documents( letters, treaties..)
• Inscriptions
• Coins
To study the past it is necessary to observe, interpret and read theremains that human beings have left. These remains are the sourcesthat historians study to reconstruct the history. A source is anythingthat gives us information about the past.
Prehistory:
- Starts with the appearance of the first human beings
- Ends with the invention of writing around 3500 BC
-It is divided into stages:Palaeolithic Age Neolithic Age Metal Age
History
- Starts with the invention of writing and leads up to present time
- It is divided into four stages:
Ancient history : goes up to the fall of the Roman EmpireThe Middle Ages: goes up to the discovery of America The Modern Age: goes up to the French RevolutionThe Contemporary Age: is the age in which we live.
DEFINITION: Long period of time that starts with the appearance of the firsthuman beings ( 4 million?? years ago) and ended with the invention of writing
around 3000 BC.The only data we have about Prehistory are obtained through archaeology and art.
It is divided into stages
THE STONE AGE
Palaeolithic
Neolithic
THE METAL AGE
Copper Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
4 million B.C to 10.000 B.C
10ooo B.C -3500 BC
Palaeolithic Neolithic
2. ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF HUMAN BEINGS
Characteristics that distinguish hominids from apes are:
More developed brain: think, speak, make toolsBipedalism: long legs, shorter arms, curve spineCranial Changes: chin, vertical forehead, smaller jaw and teethChanges in hands: opposable thumb
AUSTRALOPITHECUS SKULL SAPIENS SKULL
Which of these hominids used tools?
Which of these hominids knew about fire?
Brain not very developed- small
Biped-erect walk but still climbed trees
They used tools but did not make them
Location: Africa
AUSTRALOPITHECUS
LUCY
Autralopithecus footprints
Videos: climb down from trees
• Small brain, but bigger than Australopithecus
• Biped- better adapted to walking upright
• First hominid to make tool- very simple
• Location: Africa
HOMO HABILIS
Video homo hab
Bigger brain
Made fire and more developedtools Bifaces. Wore animal hides
Location: Africa- Asia
HOMO ERECTUS
Biface
Video fire
•Bigger Brain
•Mix of physical features:Some similar to humans ( fine jaw)and other from an older time( protruding eyebrows)
•More developed tools
•Location: Europe Atapuerca Burgos
HOMO ANTECESSOR
“Miguelón and Excalibur”
Bigger Brain- similar to our brain
Strong complexionBig face, protruding eyebrow, sunken forehead, No chin
Buried their dead
Location: Africa, Europe , Asia
HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS
Spherical skull, straight foreheadProminent chinDeveloped intelligence
Tools made of stone, bone and animal horns
Art
Location: all the continents
HOMO SAPIENS
3. LIFE IN THE PALEOLITHIC AGE : Economy and society
Climate
There were very cold periodsand milder periods
Food
They were predators: they live from hunting, fishing and
gathering
Where did the live?
They were nomads and lived in caves or shelters.
They lived in groups:
hordes tribe
Society
There was a hierarchy: some people were more important
Task were shared: women and men had different tasks.
Beliefs
They had
religious beliefs:
-buried their dead
-deified forces of nature
• First: they didn´t know how to make tools , so they used stones and sticks
• Later: they made very simple tools hitting one stone against another . Tools: Bifaces: (stone axes) and chips
Working with stone
• First: they didn't know how to make fire. They got it from nature.
• Later: They learnt to make it hitting stones
• rubbing two sticks
• Important for cooking, light, heat, chasing away or trapping animals
Making and controlling
fire
• Hides were used as: clothes, shoes, bags,, to sleep on, vessels…
• It was important to look after them to keep them flexible.Animal hides
3. LIFE IN THE PALEOLITHIC AGE : Skills
HOW TO MAKE A TOOL
harpoon
needles
Arrow heads
knives
drill
Why did they paint? 2 theories:
1-They would be able to hunt them( magic effects)
2.They wanted to paint what they had seen ( a way of entertainment)
Characteristics:
1.Painted individually
´2. Realistic paintings
Examples:
Altamira cave ( Cantabria)
Lascaux cave ( Francia)
3. They used: fingers, brushes
4.Painted on protruding rocks to give impression of relief.
Where did they paint?Walls
Ceilings
3. LIFE IN THE PALEOLITHIC AGE : Art
a) CAVE PAINTINGS
ALTAMIRA
LASCAUX
b) PORTABLE ART
PORTABLE ART
VENUS STATUES
Symbols of fertility
Feminine features very exaggerated
Made of:
Ivory Stone Bone
Examples:
Willendorf Venus
BATONS
Pieces of bone or horn
Shape: head of a horse or deer
Venus
Baton
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