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Impact Of Electromagnetic radiations of biology and
behaviour of Apis mellifera L.
Shweta Patel 42537
INTRODUCTION
Honeybees play a vital role in the pollination of agricultural crops
In recent years honey bee colony declines have reached 10-30% in Europe, 30% in the United States and up to 85% in Middle East, but such declines are not apparent in South America, Africa and Australia (Kluser,2010)
The syndrome behind honeybee population decline is known generally as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), which is characterized by a rapid loss of adult worker bees (van (Engelsdorp, 2009)
EMFs are mentioned as a cause of honeybee colony losses, the sudden disappearance of honeybees, which is a huge problem in the field of beekeeping (VanEngelsdorp et al,2009)
There are several factors for CCD and they fall into two main classes: living organisms human activity
Electromagnetic radiation can best be described as waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together (i.e. radiating ) through space .Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are physical fields that are produced by a source of EMR. Electric fields are associated with electric charge and magnetic fields with the movement of electric charge.
Radiation Pattern of a Cell Tower Antenna
People living within 50 to 300 meter radius are in the high radiation zone (dark blue) and are more prone to ill-effects of electromagnetic radiation
Proportion of studies on different groups of organisms
Birds; 3%
Bees; 1%
Wildlife;2%
Other Animals; 12%
Plants; 1%Human; 81%
Bees Wildlife Other Animals
HumanPlantsBirds
Studies on EMF impacts
MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen boxes of bees were place at specified
locations. First three boxes were placed below the mobile tower. After measuring 200m, 400m, 600m and 800m distance from the tower, three boxes were placed at each location, respectively.
At each place 3 replications was taken. 6 Treatment was considered at every place. Assuming first treatment as a no. of bees (bees-strength), second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth as area of honey, egg, larva ,brood and pollen. Each were be measure after 14 days interval. The experiment was divided into 5 spot with each spot different distances:
Spot 1: 0 m Spot 2: 200 m Spot 3: 400 m Spot 4: 600 m Spot 5: 800 m
Effect of Radiations on honey area (cm2) of honeybees during 2012
Treatment 30.6.12
14.7.12
28.7.12
11.8.12
25.8.12
8.9.12
22.9.12
6.10.12
Mean
E (mV/m) B(µA/m)
S (mW/m2)
T1 (0 m) 275.833(16.575)
665.000(25.672)
277.500(16.442)
387.500(19.611)
478.333(21.049)
745.833(26.631)
554.166(22.351)
616.666(23.693)
500.101(21.503)
304.297
541.22
302.913
T2 (200 m) 606.666(24.300)
789.166(27.588)
473.333(21.448
521.666(22.684)
372.500(19.299)
305.000(17.386)
308.333(17.454)
514.166(22.36)
486.35(21.564)
10.663
24.08
0.248
T3 (400 m) 361.400(18.346)
710.000(26.442)
530.000(22.799)
432.500(20.333)
397.500(19.686)
912.500(28.609)
854.166(28.753)
96.666(9.791)
536.84(21.844)
20.826
109.54
2.235
T4 (600 m) 500.833(22.082)
798.333(27.963)
455.833(20.885)
370.833(18.236)
542.500 (22.552)
460.833(19.872)
407.333(19.458)
234.633(14.918)
471.388(20.745)
7.198
19.338
0.0981
T5 (800 m) 645.000 (25.346)
733.333(26.958)
488.333(21.990)
527.500(22.940)
190.623(13.626)
883.316(29.694)
592.083(24.304)
347.500(18.535)
550.958(22.924)
7.088
19.12
0.132
Mean 477.946 (21.330)
739.166(26.925)
445.000(20.713)
448.000(20.761)
396.291(19.243)
661.496(24.439)
543.216(22.464)
361.926(17.859)
509.130(21.716)
_
_
_
Sem 107.523(2.635)
148.275(2.851)
105.073(2.5687)
102.057(2.6173)
112.528(2.828)
255.034(4.9305)
163.145(3.6768)
124.922(3.026)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 350.449(8.589)
483.270(9.294)
342.466(8.372)
332.633(8.530)
366.763(9.218)
831.228(16.070)
163.145(11.984)
407.156(9.863)
_ _ _ _
Cv 38.965(21.40)
34.744(18.344)
40.897(21.480)
39.457(21.835)
49.182(25.458)
66.777(34.943)
52.019(28.349)
59.783(29.350)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns _ _ _ _
Effect of Radiations on the egg laying capacity in area (cm2) of queen bee at Pantnagar during 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m)
B(µA/m) S(mW/m2)
T1 (0 m) 126.666(9.060)
15.000(3.142)
157.500(11.742)
167.500(12.598)
152.500(10.018)
95.833(7.426)
144.166(10.863)
150.000(11.258)
126.143(9.513)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 210.833(14.059)
59.166(6.796)
199.583(13.824)
185.833(13.547)
220.000(14.803)
145.000(11.954)
168.333(11.864)
176.666(10.808)
170.673(12.206)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 0.000(0.000)
48.333(6.915)
215.000(14.192)
200.833(13.967)
145.833(11.842)
45.833(5.202)
261.666(15.408)
102.500(10.055)
127.497(9.697)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 122.500(8.364)
37.916(6.052)
203.333(11.639
140.000(11.512)
75.000(6.921)
115.833(10.305)
105.000(8.162)
115.833(10.394)
114.425(9.168)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 61.666(4.533)
34.166(5.824)
100.000(7.8867)
65.833(5.712)
125.833(11.205)
64.166(6.540)
80.000(8.7561)
47.833(6.562)
72.433(7.127)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 104.333(7.203)
38.916(5.746)
175.083(11.857)
152.000(11.467)
143.833(10.958)
93.333(8.285)
151.833(11.010)
118.566(9.815)
122.237(9.542)
_ _ _
sem 74.773(4.292)
19.006(1.374)
82.463(3.960)
51.320(2.622)
50.919(3.154)
47.522(3.200)
71.286(3.164)
59.257(3.145)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 243.706(13.991)
61.946(4.480)
268.770(12.909)
167.266(8.546)
165.961(10.280)
154.888(10.432)
232.342(10.312)
193.137(10.250)
_ _ _ _
Cv 124.131(103.214)
84.589(41.435)
81.578(57.860)
58.479(39.604)
61.317(49.853)
88.190(66.912)
81.320(49.772)
86.564(55.497)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns _ _ _ _
Impact of Radiations on the brood area (cm2) of honeybees at Pantnagar during the year 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m)
B(µA/m) S (mW/m2)
T1 (0 m) 109.166(10.101)
161.449 (20.812)
281.666(15.901)
198.333(13.966
283.666(14.336)
450.833(17.861)
355.833(16.619)
574.166(23.838)
340.817(16.679)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 189.166(13.750)
435.416(20.695)
389.583(19.683)
453.333(21.133
360.000(18.883)
451.666(21.131)
721.666(26.608)
250.833(14.163)
406.453(19.505)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 314.166(17.5487)
570.000(23.688)
333.333(18.175)
468.333(21.585)
441.666(20.974)
435.000(20.812)
407.500(19.234)
578.333(23.901)
443.531(20.739)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 261.666(16.084)
553.750(23.500)
223.541(13.415)
505.000(22.441)
204.166(11.655)
635.833(25.094)
490.833(20.054)
587.500(23.716)
432.772(19.494)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 164.166(10.461)
339.166(17.825)
252.500(15.869)
286.666(13.573)
240.833(14.539)
225.833(14.991)
215.833(13.962)
245.000(15.616)
246.246(14.604)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 207.666(13.589)
474.250(21.304)
296.125(16.609)
382.333(18.54)
306.066(16.078)
439.833(19.978)
438.333(19.295)
447.166(20.247)
_ _ _ _
sem 49.535(2.647)
113.819(2.634)
85.661(3.036)
87.997(3.455)
100.027(4.431)
122.459(3.796)
143.272(4.560)
88.835(2.545)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 161.449(8.629)
370.969(8.587)
279.196(9.896)
286.809(11.263)
326.017(14.443)
399.130(12.373)
466.967(14.864)
289.540(8.297)
_ _ _ _
Cv 41.315(33.744)
41.568(21.420)
50.104(31.663)
39.86432.284
56.605(47.738)
48.224(32.912)
56.613(40.937)
34.409(21.777)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns _ _ _ _
Impact of Radiations on the larva area (cm2) of honeybees at Pantnagar during the year 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m)
B(µA/m) S(mW/m2)
T1 (0 m) 25.833(3.865)
21.166 (3.554)
138.333(10.561)
183.333(12.959)
82.5008.891)
146.666(9.878)
220.000(11.988)
169.166(12.219)
123.37(9.239)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 7.500(2.017)
17.466 (4.432)
198.333(13.982)
194.166(13.738)
195.00013.769)
213.333(14.318)
251.666(15.576)
164.166(10.455)
155.2(11.035)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m )
201.666(13.680)
37.500 (6.046)
196.666(14.011)
215.000(14.284)
188.33313.578)
70.000(6.573)
273.333(16.448)
263.333(16.165)
180.726(12.598)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 51.666(5.849)
40.833 (6.175)
134.166(9.291)
340.833(17.956)
179.16610.407)
124.166(8.973)
122.500(8.979)
255.000(15.370)
156.037(10.375)
7. 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 102.500(7.142)
13.750 (3.700)
109.166(7.625)
40.833(5.195)
27.500(5.210)
39.166(5.042)
92.500(8.922)
39.166(5.9387)
58.07(6.0968)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 77.833(6.511)
26.143 (4.782)
155.333(11.094)
194.833(12.826)
134.500(10.371)
118.666(8.957)
192.000(12.382)
178.166(12.029)
134.684(9.869)
_ _ _
sem 56.032(2.962)
26.143(1.044)
74.674(3.793)
74.950(2.828)
63.498(2.881)
51.631(2.953)
66.675(3.516)
62.312(2.512)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 182.626(9.656)
32.051(3.404)
243.385(12.364)
244.286(9.217)
206.961(9.392)
168.280(9.624)
217.313(11.462)
203.094(8.188)
_ _ _ _
Cv 124.691(78.809)
65.151(37.831)
83.265(59.226)
66.630(38.189)
81.772(48.123)
75.360(57.102)
60.148(49.191)
60.577(36.174)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ns ns ns _ _ _ _
Impact of Radiation on the pollen area at Pantnagar during the year 2012Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m) B(µA/m) S
(mW/m2)T1 (0 m) 105.000
(8.856) 13.581(3.092)
51.456(6.995)
19.166(4.136)
62.500(7.146)
96.666(9.643)
127.500(11.245)
159.166(12.342)
79.376(7.931)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 216.666(11.93)
1.041(0.831)
57.500(7.541)
89.166(9.197)
129.166(11.127)
165.000(12.772)
121.666(10.987)
140.000(11.722)
110.52(9.512)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 61.666(7.7199)
.250(0.288)
46.250(6.086)
41.250(6.266)
96.666(9.623)
59.500(7.029)
277.500(15.765)
103.333(10.160)
85.8(7.867)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 71.666(8.401)
19.583(2.900)
50.833(7.074)
76.750(8.680)
95.000(9.577)
69.166(8.257)
200.000(14.090)
185.000(13.370)
95.997(9.043)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 289.166(15.634)
.1233(0.202)
35.623(5.725)
40.400(5.661)
16.666(3.329)
18.333(4.217)
33.7500(5.4377)
10.873(2.998)
55.613(5.400)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 148.833(10.508)
6.916(1.463)
48.332(6.684)
53.346(6.788)
80.000(8.160)
81.733(8.384)
152.083(11.505)
119.674(10.118)
373.971(18.205)
_ _ _
sem 100.347(3.687)
10.165(1.257)
17.250(1.266)
20.632(1.337)
30.269(1.840)
19.536(1.149)
50.814(2.013)
25.831(1.042)
_ _ _ _
Cd at 5% 327.059(12.019)
33.133(4.097)
56.223(4.126)
67.247(4.360)
98.657(5.998)
63.675(3.747)
165.617(6.562)
84.191(3.396)
_ _ _ _
Cv 116.779(60.783)
254.596(148.82)
61.818(32.804)
66.989(34.133)
65.535(39.064)
41.401(23.752)
57.871(30.310)
37.385(17.839)
_ _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ns ** * ** _ _ _ _
Impact of radiations on the Bees-strength of honeybees at Pantnagar during the year 2012
Treatment 30.6.12 14.7.12 28.7.12 11.8.12 25.8.12 8.9.12 22.9.12 6.10.12 Mean E(mV/m)
B (µA/m)
S (mW/m2)
T1 (0 m) 19832.33(136.754)
23000.00(151.452)
23334.33(150.975)
26962.33(161.410)
9997.33(98.946)
19719.67(139.416)
20775.67(139.811)
26053.33 (153.728)
21209.37(141.562)
304.297 541.22 302.913
T2 (200 m) 21777.67 (147.485)
17000.00 (130.178)
20222.33 (141.621)
23388.67 (152.118)
27109.00(164.536)
20887.67 (143.053)
23331.67 (152.678)
29941.67 (167.983)
22957.34(149.957)
10.663 24.08 0.248
T3 (400 m) 22333.33 (148.830)
23055.33 (151.298)
87889.00 (254.890)
26443.33 (161.528)
28442.67 (167.184)
24053.67 (154.429)
24553.00 (156.530)
26479.67 (158.521)
32906.25(169.151)
20.826 109.54 2.235
T4 (600 m) 20666.67 (142.159)
22000.33 (147.175)
28556.00 (168.252)
26388.33 (161.594)
26442.33 (161.783)
28998.33 (169.062)
17442.67 (131.90)
27276.00 (164.409)
24721.33(155.792)
7.198 19.338 0.0981
T5 (800 m) 16333.33 (122.531)
14333.67 (114.536)
10333.33(98.469)
13777.33 (117.182)
12058.33(109.691)
12111.00(109.934)
10886.33(104.302)
9720.67(98.483)
12444.25(109.391)
7.088 19.12 0.132
Mean 20188.67(139.552)
19877.87(138.928)
34067.00(162.941)
23392.00(150.786)
20809.93(140.428)
21154.07(143.179)
19397.87(137.044)
23894.27(148.625)
22847.71(145.185)
_ _ _
sem 5138.29(19.088)
3752.13(14.963)
29613.43(50.973)
4771.11(14.625)
2914.88(8.986)
3814.267 (12.755)
553.77(12.255)
8397.07(25.921)
- _ _ _
Cd at 5% 16747.17(62.215)
12229.30(48.768)
96518.68(166.137)
15550.43(47.669)
9500.46(29.290)
12431.79(41.575)
11582.76(39.943)
27368.47(84.484)
- _ _ _
Cv 44.083(23.691)
32.694(18.654)
150.562(54.184)
35.327(16.80)
24.261(11.084)
31.230(15.430)
31.731(15.488)
60.868(30.208)
- _ _ _
F value ns ns ns ns ** ns ns ns - _ _ _
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bees-strength in the starting of experiment in T1 (0 m, beneath, the mobile tower) was found to be 19,832.33 while, it was seen increased 26,053.33 at the end of experiment, the first week of October, under the influence of electromagnetic radiations emitted from the mobile tower.
The overall progressive increased in honey area recorded during the month of June-October, Area of comb, filled with honey was increased 340.833 cm2 in T1 (0m, beneath, the mobile tower) while, decreased in -297.5 cm2 in T5 (800m) followed by T4 (600 m) in 266.2 cm2, -264.734 cm2 in T3(400m) and -92.5cm2 in T2(200m).
On the basis of observations recorded, it was revealed that the area of egg was significantly increased in T3 (T1102.5 cm2) and T1 (23.334 cm2) whereas, it was found to be decreased in T2 (-34.167 cm2), T5 (-13.836 cm2) and T4 (- 6.667 cm2).
The radiation was recorded during month of June-October. Highest radiation was observed in T1 (E =304.297 mV/m, B =541.22 µA/m and S =302.913 m W/m2) while minimum in T5 (E =7.088 mV/m, B =19.12 µA/m and S =0.132 m W/m2) followed by T4 (E =7.198 mV/m, B =19.338 µA/m and S =0.0981 m W/m2), T2 (E=10.663 mV/m, B= 24.08 µA/m and S =0.248 m W/m2) and T3 (E =20.826 mV/m, B =109.54 µA/m and S=2.235 m W/m2), respectively.
Conclusion
As per the present investigation, all treated colonies with mobile tower radiation had perform well as normal colony and none of these colonies were perished during the experiment. At 0 m (beneath,the mobile tower) area of honey, brood, larva, egg, pollen all were increased. The present investigation would help to bee-keepers of Tarai region of Uttrakhand where, their bee hives were placed near the mobile tower .No impact of electromagnetic radiations of colony strength and bees survivorship.
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