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Primary Prevention of Sexual and Intimate Partner Violence:Introduction to Concepts and a Model Program for Youth Violence Prevention
Rebecca Williams-Agee
SCCADVASA
Caroline BurnsSTSM
Prevention:Stopping it Before it Begins
Primary Prevention ofIntimate Partner
Violence and Sexual Violence
Core Assumptions of Primary Prevention• Commitment to END sexual and intimate
partner violence• Sexual and intimate partner violence are
societal NOT an individual victim’s problem• Sexual and intimate partner violence are
complex, thus requiring comprehensive solutions.
Prevention IS NOT…
• A one-time program or event• One skill-building session• One protocol
Prevention IS…• An on-going process, requiring leadership
and commitment• Integrated into community infrastructure
Primary Prevention of IPV and SV is:
Primary prevention of IPV and SV is a systematic process ◦promoting healthy environments and
behaviors◦resulting in the reduction of the likelihood
and the frequency of intimate partner violence and sexual violence.
Not your Grandmother’s prevention… Previously we called things prevention that
are actually risk reduction◦Self-defense◦Safety tips
Primary prevention will require true social change◦Process of changing the attitudes and beliefs that
lead to specific behaviors◦An acknowledgement that we can’t just accept the
world the way it is and expect that the problems will go away
Prevention and Intervention
Prevention & Intervention: Both Essential
Preventing intimate partner violence before it occurs
Preventing a re-occurrence of intimate partner violence
Intervention +
Primary Prevention
Intervention and primary prevention should complement, not compete with, each other along a
continuum
Prevention
Preventing initial occurrence of ipv and/or sv
Focuses on changing conditions that support ipv and sv
Focuses on promoting conditions that inhibit ipv and sv
Promotes healthy attitudes, behaviors and social norms
Prevention and Intervention go hand-in-handIntervention
Recognizing/responding to ipv and sv
Addresses the effects of ipv and/or sv after the violent incident has occurred
Strives to prevent the reoccurrence of ipv and sv
Emphasizing the prevalence of ipv and sv and providing information regarding where to receive services
What does primary prevention of ipv and sv promote?
Promotes development of social norms and social environments that create, support, and sustain positive behaviors and healthy relationships
Promotes comprehensive and multidisciplinary approaches to preventing violence against women and girls before it occurs by impeding the development of perpetrators.
Principles for Primary Prevention of IPV and SV focus on changing norms to change behavior foster comprehensive and integrated systems for
prevention engage community leadership / be responsive to
community needs and strengths promote and model positive behaviors invites men as stakeholders emphasize role of bystander intervention focus on risk factors and assets build on existing assets and efforts
Parks, L.F., Cohen, L., Kravitz-Wirtz, N. (2007) Poised For Prevention: Advancing Promising Approaches to Primary Prevention of IPV, Prevention Institute.
Continuum of Prevention
Primary• Interventions that take place before intimate partner
violence or sexual violence has
occurred
• To prevent initial perpetration or victimization
Secondary• Immediate responses
after the intimate partner violence or sexual violence has
occurred
• Deals with the short-term consequences of
the experienced type(s) of violence
Tertiary• Long-term response after intimate partner
violence or sexual violence has occurred
• Deals with the lasting consequences
of violence
• Includes prevention of recidivism
ExampleA multiple session
program with 8th graders focusing on bystander
intervention and exploring healthy
relationships
ExampleThe immediate response to a victim on a hotline
call, helping them to leave a violent situation and determine safety plans
and next steps
ExampleThe ongoing support that
may be provided to a victim of sexual or intimate
partner violence by participating in group or
individual therapy sessions
Some Helpful Models and Approaches
Primary Prevention Strategies:
Restructuring male gender socialization and involvement of men and boys / creating a new definition of masculinity
empowering women and girls bystander intervention healthy relationships healthy sexuality youth as agents of change media campaigns and media advocacy
Public Health Approach• Historically linked to physical and medical issues
• Allows us to view sexual violence and intimate partner violence as preventable problems
• Ties sexual violence and intimate partner violence to causes outside of the victim/ survivor (e.g., social norms, perpetrators)
• “REPAIRING THE BRIDGE”
Social Ecological ModelIf we work at multiple levels
Social Change
Individual Relationship Community Institutions and Society
Why the socio-ecological model?
individuals commit ipv and sv
culture condones physical, emotional and sexual terrorism against women as the norm on multiple levels
preventing ipv and sv requires us to consider each domain’s overall impact on individuals and their behavior
restructuring social norms, redefining masculinity, public policy and legislation can mutually support social change
preventing ipv and sv requires the consideration of the multiple domains of the socio-ecological model -- family, peers, community, institutions, media, and society overall
Individual Relationship CommunityInstitutions and Society
Social Ecological Model
School-based 10-week program to build bystander skills and explore healthy, respectful relationships for 8th graders
8-week pilot program for boys basketball team to change peer group norms that are supportive of sexual harassment
School working group to change policies/ procedures to change school climate to promote respect and model positive behavior
Local coalition is embarking on a community-wide initiative that includes a focus on positive youth development
The Spectrum of Prevention
tool developed by Larry Cohen, Prevention Institute
promotes a systematic approach to violence prevention
utilized to identify multiple levels of primary prevention activities
increases comprehension that primary prevention is far more than education and public awareness campaigns
Socio-ecological model
Spectrum of Prevention
Individual Increase/strengthen individual level
knowledge and skillsRelationship Increase/strengthen
individual level knowledge and skills
Community Promote community education
Educate service providersDevelop coalitions /
networksInstitutional Change organizational
practicesSocietal Influence policy legislation
The Social-Ecological model and the Spectrum of Prevention go hand-in-hand
Incorporating Primary Prevention Strategies into Youth Violence Prevention
Preventing First-time Perpetration
In 2014 - 2015, staff at Sexual Trauma Services of the Midlands provided 860 sessions to 9,280 individuals for a total of 20,930 education and outreach contacts.
STSM’s Education staff provided 764 sessions to 5,801 individuals for a total of 18,173 contacts. ◦ Of these, 663 sessions were to 3,937 youth for a total of
14,793 education contacts. 97% of youth-focused sessions were multi-session implementations of the YVP Curriculum©.
STSM partnered with 18 middle and high schools, 12 colleges, and 62 businesses, organizations, and churches to facilitate the Community Education and Outreach Program.
YVP© and the Community
Comprehensive: ◦ Prevention interventions should include multiple
types of activities, affect multiple settings, and go beyond awareness-raising. The Socio-ecological model is one of several models of comprehensive prevention efforts.
Theory-Driven: ◦ Strategies should have a scientific justification or
logical rationale. Varied Teaching Methods:
◦ Prevention interventions should include interactive, skills-based components.
YVP© and the Nine Principles
Sufficient Dosage: ◦ Participants need to be exposed to enough of
the intervention over time for the programming to impact participants’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and skill development.
Appropriately Timed: ◦ Program activities should happen at a time
(developmentally) that can have maximal impact in a participant’s life.
YVP© and the Nine Principles
Positive Relationships: ◦ Programs should foster strong and positive
relationships between youth and adults. This can be accomplished by creating programs in which participants have the opportunity to critically evaluate and discuss the content, and ensuring that the content or the presenter is relevant to the participants.
Socio-culturally Relevant: ◦ Programs should reflect the community in which they
are being implemented. Programs should be tailored to include information and statistics about the local community rather than more generalized content.
YVP© and the Nine Principles
Well-trained Staff: ◦ Programs need to be implemented by staff
members who are sensitive, competent, and have received sufficient training, support, and supervision.
Outcome Evaluation: ◦ A systematic outcome evaluation is necessary
to determine whether a program or strategy worked.
YVP© and the Nine Principles
The Effect of Gender Stereotypes & Media Influence on Violence in
Relationships
Appropriate Boundary Setting and Online Victimization & Protection
Strategies
Effective Communication Strategies
• Writers cannot see what speakers are holding.• Writers cannot talk. Only speakers can talk!• Speakers are not allowed to see what writers
are doing.
– Speakers are to describe the picture to their partner. You cannot tell them what it is! You can only give them instructions such as “Draw a circle. Draw a triangle next to the circle…”
Good luck!
Blind Drawing Activity
Healthy Relationships and Prevention of Intimate Partner
Violence
Prevention of Sexual Harassment & Stalking
SC Laws, Prevention of Sexual Assault & Drug-Facilitated Sexual Assault
YVP© Program Outcomes
Suzanne Swan, PhDPete Warren, MS
General Findings
Questions?Sexual Trauma Services of the Midlands
Office: 803-790-820824-Hr Crisis: 803-771-7273 or 800-491-7273
www.stsm.org
SC Coalition Against Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault
Office: 803-256-2900www.sccadvasa.org
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