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2015 Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015 0
Long-Duration Energy Storage and PV: Renewable Energy’s BFFs
Craig R. Horne, Ph.D.
Santa Clara Valley IEEE PV Society
May 13, 2015
content within this presentation is provided courtesy of EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Outline
! Markets & Drivers
! Illustrative Projects
! Configuring Storage Systems
! Storage Architectures
! Impact on PV Projects
1
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
What this talk is (mostly) about –
MW-scale, Long-Duration Energy Storage for Electricity Supply (Wholesale Markets)
What this talk is (mostly) not about –
kW-scale Energy Storge for Residential or Commercial Applications
MW-scale, Short-Duration Energy Storage for Wholesale Markets
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Energy Storage Markets Are Global
Entity Size (Power) Duration (Energy) Description
CA 1,360 MW 2-4 hrs ! California procurement decision AB
2514 (October 2013)
SCE 260 MW ≥ 4 hrs ! RFP issued (October 2013)
! > 5x awarded (November 2014)
LIPA 150 MW – 650 MW 12 hrs ! RFP issued (November 2013)
Hokkaido 12 MW 5 hrs ! Contract awarded (July 2013)
Terna 130 MW 6 hrs ! Contract awarded (May 2013)
SDG&E 25 MW – 800 MW ≥ 4 hrs ! RFP issued (September 2014)
ConEd 59 MW
2 MW 12 hrs
! RFI for 12 hour load deferral (July 2014)
! RFQ issued (September 2014)
IESO 16.5 MW ≥ 4 hrs ! RFP initiated (October 2014)
3
Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Energy Storage Markets Are Global
http://www.energystorageexchange.org/projects
4
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
A) The Head [MW]
B) The Neck [MW/hr]
C) The Belly [- MW or MWidle]
Three Challenges
5
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Energy Storage vs. Conventional Peaker
More than 2X the Flexible Ramp Resource
Cha
rgin
g
Dis
char
gin
g
Idle Power
CT Flexible Resource
Value
BESS Flexible Resource
Value
Interconnect Rating
Interconnect Rating
Thro
ttle
Courtesy EnerVault Corporation
Adapated from P. Kathpal, “Energy Storage in Resource Planning and Procurement”, ESA Annual Meeting, June 2014
6
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Energy Storage vs. Conventional Peaker
But in CA more than 4X the Flexible Ramp Resource
Cha
rgin
g
Dis
char
gin
g
Idle Power @ 50%
(NOx standards)
CT Flexible Resource
Value
BESS Flexible Resource
Value
7
Interconnect Rating
Interconnect Rating
Thro
ttle
Courtesy EnerVault Corporation
Adapated from P. Kathpal, “Energy Storage in Resource Planning and Procurement”, ESA Annual Meeting, June 2014
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
AB 2514 – 1.325 GW Mandate for Storage
http://docs.cpuc.ca.gov/PublishedDocs/Published/G000/M078/K912/78912194.PDF
8
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Many Ways To Store Energy
Electrochemical
Flow Batteries
Redox Flow Battery Non-Redox Flow Battery
Supercapacitors
Other
Sodium-Sulfur Lead-Acid Lithium-based Sodium-NiCI2 Aqueous-other Metal/air Molten metal
Metal-based Flow Battery Non-Metal Flow Battery Regenerative Fuel Cell
Chemical
Thermal Chilled Water Ice
Heat Molten Salt
Pumped Hydro
Power Energy
Non-Traditional Traditional
Cavern Containerized
Non-Cavern Compressed
Air
Electromagnetic
Integrated Cell Battery
Energy Storage
Mechanical
Flywheel
SMES
Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Fairbanks, AK
27 Megawatt UPS (Nickel Cadmium)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Dublin, CA
2 Megawatt Micro-Grid (BYD, Li-Ion)
11
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Stephenstown NY
20 Megawatt Fast Frequency Response (Flywheel Energy Storage)
Miller, Western Oregon U.
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Laurel Mountain, WV
32 Megawatt wind integration (AES Energy Storage, Li-ion)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Notrees, TX
36 Megawatt wind management (Younicos, lead-acid)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Rokkasho Japan Wind Farm
15
Okimoto, NGK – ESA 2009
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Turlock, CA
250 Kilowatt, 4 hr Load Management (EnerVault, Fe/Cr-RFB)
16
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Gila Bend, AZ
280 Megawatt, 6 hours (Abengoa, molten salt)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Northwestern PA
435 Megawatt Peak Load Management (Pumped Hydro Energy Storage)
wikipedia
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
McIntosh, AL
110 Megawatt Peak Load Management (Cavern Compressed Air Energy Storage)
PG&E
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Moraine, OH
20 Megawatt Peaker (AES, Li-Ion)
20
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
City of Industry, CA
479 MW Peaker - 5 x 100 MW (Edison Mission Group, NGGT)
21
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
City of Industry, CA
5 x 100 MW GT (GE) " 479 MW(AC) for capacity payments & bids into CAISO (EMG)
22
power capability power capacity
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
! Duration at rated power: Day 1 AND Day N • N = 3,650 for 10 year project,
or 7,300 for 20 year project
time
Net
Pow
er, M
W(A
C)
4
-4 charge
discharge
4 0 8 12 16 20
What is Required of A Grid Storage Asset
26
! Total project cost requires storage capacity allotments for...
• Capacity utilization (“Depth of Discharge” or “State-of-Charge Range” (SoCR) )
• Losses (inefficiency) • Capacity fade
26
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
! Duration at rated power: Day 1 AND Day N • N = 3,650 for 10 year project,
or 7,300 for 20 year project
What is Required of A Grid Storage Asset
29
! Total project cost requires storage capacity allotments for...
• Capacity utilization (“Depth of Discharge” or “State-of-Charge Range” (SoCR) )
• Losses (inefficiency) • Capacity fade
Power Duration X
= Energy
time
Net
Pow
er, M
W(A
C)
4
-4 charge
discharge
4 0 8 12 16 20
29
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
System Configuration
! SCE Tehachapi Project (Li-ion)
• 8 MW(AC)/32 MW-hr
30
Source: L. Gaillac, SCE - Tehachapi Wind Energy Storage Project 2014 ESA Annual Meeting, June 4-6 2014
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Two Components to LiB Aging (per Saft)
31
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
0 6 12 18 24
Pow
er
Time of Day
Saft Data on LiB Aging: Impact on Configuration
" SOH factors = calendar X cycling
4 hr
11 hr 3 hr
6 hr
0% 25% 50% 75%
100%
0 6 12 18 24
Stat
e of
C
har
ge
Time of Day
idle time/day @ top of charge
Syst
em C
har
ge L
evel
(n
ot c
ell)
project design 1 MWAC for 4 hours, 20-30oC &
75% SOC at top of charge, 15% SOC at bottom of cycle
(discharged state) " 60% utilization &
44 to 31 year calendar life
15 year project 1 cycle/day
11 hrs/day idle @ full charge means:
11 hrs/day * 365 days/year * 15 year project life = 60,225
hrs
60,225 hrs/8,760 hrs per year "
7 equivalent years at idle
Analysis adapted from:
~ 10-20% impact Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Properly Configuring a Grid Storage Asset
33
$125/kWh
? SoCR capacity fade
losses system integration installation grid connection
Source: L. Gaillac, SCE - Tehachapi Wind Energy Storage Project 2014 ESA Annual Meeting, June 4-6 2014
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Properly Configuring a Grid Asset
34
$125/kWh
? SoCR capacity fade
losses system integration installation grid connection
Source: L. Gaillac, SCE - Tehachapi Wind Energy Storage Project 2014 ESA Annual Meeting, June 4-6 2014
can deliver MW(AC) capacity capability to store MWh(DC)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015 35
Properly Configuring a Grid Storage Asset
Energy Storage Capability ! kWh: ability to deliver MW(DC) until
storage media is fully utilized
! ability to store MWh(DC)
! based on the quantity of storage media or factory acceptance test of the article
! provided by storage vendor
Energy Storage Capacity ! kW-hr: ability to deliver MW(AC) for
required # hours throughout project lifetime
! ability to deliver MW(AC)
! based on fully installed system
! provided by storage project developer
$$ this is what is monetized $$
It is important to distinguish the capability from the capacity!
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Properly Configuring a Grid Storage Asset
36
$125/kWh
$400-600/kW-hr SoCR capacity fade
losses system integration installation grid connection
storage capability
storage capacity
Source: L. Gaillac, SCE - Tehachapi Wind Energy Storage Project 2014 ESA Annual Meeting, June 4-6 2014
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
! Duration at rated power: Day 1 AND Day N • N = 3,650 for 10 year project,
or 7,300 for 20 year project
What is Required of A Grid Storage Asset
37
! Total project cost requires storage capacity allotments for...
• Capacity utilization (“Depth of Discharge” or “State-of-Charge Range” (SoCR) )
• Losses (inefficiency) • Capacity fade
Power Duration X
= Energy
4 MWAC for 4 hrs = 16 MW-hr storage capacity; $/kW-hr = TTL Installed $/16,000 kW-hr
time
Net
Pow
er, M
W(A
C)
4
-4 charge
discharge
4 0 8 12 16 20
37
the actual installed unit will have > 16 MWh of storage capability, how much more depends on storage product & project conditions
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Key for Individual Project: Stacking Benefits
B. Kaun (2013)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
But Reality Can Be A Bummer
B. Kaun (2013)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Configurations System Design Volume
Total Energy O
utput
Rate-Ad
justed Energ
y Outp
ut
Config
uration BESS A
SP RE Size
RE Price
Project Modeling Overview
1) Operational Model
2) Pricing Model
4) Pro Forma Model
Fixed O
&M
Variab
le O
&M
M
ajor Refurb
3) O&M Model
Project IRR, NPV, B/E, $
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Project Model Inputs
! Performance Model
• BESS: MW, MW-hr, ramp up, ramp down, start time, self-discharge, degradation, operational efficiency
• project setting: charging power, TOU rates/premiums, boundary conditions (e.g. IX limit)
• dispatch method: charge priorities, benefit maximization, etc.
! Pricing Model
• subsystem cost as function of time
• system cost basis for configuration variations
! O&M Model
• component lifetimes/replacement intervals, service requirements, subsystem costs at replacement time
! Pro Forma Model
• discount rate, depreciation, PPA/tariff structure, subsidies/offsets, other values (e.g. $/tonne-C avoided)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
A Look Inside Efficiency
Echarge
Pcharge, direct
Edisch.
Pout
Eout
Pparsitic load, charge
PPCS loss, charge
PECC loss, charge
Echarged Pstdby load
Pdisch
Pcharge
Estdby
Pparsitic load, discharge
PPCS loss, discharge
PECC loss, discharge
/tcharge
*tcharge
/tdisch
*tdisch
*tstdby
Pcont load
Econt load
/tcycle!
Ein
Overall Efficiency η=Ein/Eout
II
IV
I
III
I) Continous Load: Occur the whole time • controller, HMI, lights, etc.
II) Charging Losses: during tcharge • Energy Conversion:
charging efficiency • Power Conditioning System:
charging efficiency • Parasitic Load (BOP, Therm.
Mgmt, etc)
III) Standby Load: during tstdby • Standby Load 1 • Standby Load 2
IV) Discharging Losses: during tdisch • Energy Conversion:
discharging efficiency • Power Condintioning
System: discharging efficiency
• Parasitic Load (BOP, Therm. Mgmt, etc)
Requires Use Case-Based Operational Analysis of System Over Full Year/Life of Project
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015 43
Storage Architectures
Coupled Power & Energy Decoupled Power & Energy
๏ energy stored & conversion/power delivery intimately coupled
“cans of soda”
๏ energy stored decoupled from conversion/power delivery
“soda fountain drink”
Electrochemical
Flow Batteries
Redox Flow Battery Non-Redox Flow Battery
Supercapacitors
Other
Sodium-Sulfur Lead-Acid Lithium-based Sodium-NiCI2 Aqueous-other Metal/air Molten metal
Metal-based Flow Battery Non-Metal Flow Battery Regenerative Fuel Cell
Chemical
Thermal Heat Molten Salt
Chilled Water Ice
Pumped Hydro
Power Energy
Non-Traditional Traditional
Cavern Containerized
Non-Cavern Compressed
Air
Electromagnetic
Integrated Cell Battery
Energy Storage
Mechanical
Flywheel
SMES
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Abengoa’s Solano Generating Station
280 MW(AC) for 6 hours " 1,280 MW-hrs
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
EnerVault’s Turlock Demonstration
250 kW(AC) for 4 hours " 1 MW-hr
45
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015 46
An Example in Battery System Architectures
Integrated Cell Redox Flow
๏ energy stored & conversion/power delivery intimately coupled
๏ energy stored decoupled from conversion/power delivery
+
- cell 3.3 V
3 Ah
10 V 48 Ah
480 Wh
battery: 48 cells
+
-
Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
RFB System Building Blocks
A: Energy Block Main components: tanks, electrolyte Function: stores energy
B: Power Block Main components: cell stacks (cascades),
stack module, rebalance system (DRSTM unit), State-of-Health (eSOH) monitors
Function: absorbs and releases power
C: Hydraulic Block Main components: main hydraulics, flow
meters, filtration Function: distributes electrolyte from A to B
D: Controls Block Main components: controls/user interface,
battery management system, DC conditioning, AC/DC inverter
Function: controls system and monitors overall system State-of-Health; conditions power; grid interface
47
A
B
D C
NE PE
eSOH eSO
H
DRS™
BMS
stacks B
C
A
D
– ~
user interface
D
B – stack
module
C
A
Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015 50
B
D C
eSOH eSO
H
DRS™
BMS
stacks B
C
D
– ~
user interface
Power
RFB System Building Blocks – Decoupled P & E
A NE PE A
Energy (duration)
Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
EnerVault System Building Blocks – Decoupled P & E
51
Power
Energy
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
EnerVault System Building Blocks – Decoupled P & E
52
Power Energy
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Another Way to Think About Decoupled P & E
53
Power
Energy
acknowledgement: Bret Adams
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Another Way to Think About Decoupled P & E
Power Energy
acknowledgement: Bret Adams
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Decoupled Power & Energy Storage Systems
Unique advantages in long-duration applications
Decoupled Storage Systems (RFBs, CAES, Molten Salt, RFCs, etc)
hr or E/P
$/kW
-hr
hr or E/P
O&
M C
ost
hr or E/P O
&M
Cos
t
hr or E/P
$/kW
-hr
CapEx
OpEx
Coupled Storage Systems (Li-ion, NAS, Pb-acid, flywheel, etc.)
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Hawaii Project Case Study
57
Time-shifted production from PV plant ! PV used to charge 1 MW EnerVault Fe/Cr RFB Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
• Optimized size of PV dedicated to BESS charging to nearest 0.1 MW as function of storage duration
• No ITC applied to the PV & Battery
! Priority for PV is to charge battery • PV optimized to maximize amount of Shifted PV • LCOE determined for Shifted PV; project expenses
normalized to Shifted PV Energy Delivered • PV production > 1 MW or after BESS reaches 100%
SoC can be sold as Direct PV to improve project economics ! Results scale with BESS size
• e.g. 3 MW BESS has same LCOE & trends (% change) but 3X PV size, CapEx $
= ~ X MWdc
PV Single Axis
Tracking X MWp
~ =
Shifted PV 1 MWac, Y hrs
Energy Unit Y MW-hrs
Power Unit 1 MWac
1 MWac
X’ MWac Direct PV X’ MWac, ? hrs
KIUC Grid Status ! Conventional generation is mix of oil & hydro (~ 5 MW)
• cost of oil generation ~ $230/MWh (translates to ~ $1/liter at 40% generator efficiency and no O&M)
! PV meets almost 50% of daytime Summer load
! KIUC current and projected PV satisfies daytime loads • deploying short-duration storage for voltage stability,
frequency regulation, and ramp support
• high interest in increasing % RE and more PV ! KIUC open to offers for time-shifted PV to supplant lower
efficiency generators Source: B. Rockwell (Power Supply Mgr) KIUC Energy Storage RFP Update Webinar August 28, 2014
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
+0%
+10%
+20%
+30%
+40%
+50%
+60%
+70%
+80%
+90%
+100%
+110%
$80
$100
$120
$140
$160
$180
$200
$220
$240
$260
$280
$300
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ch
ange
(vs.
4 h
our
du
arti
on)
$/M
Wh
Storage Duration, hours
LCOE Shifted $/MWh LCOE Shifted & Direct $/MWh Shifted PV MWh/yr PV $M BESS $M
Impact of Storage Duration Low marginal cost of additional storage capacity with Fe/Cr reduces LCOE by a third,
approx. doubles dispatched energy & increases PV revenue by more than 80%!
LCOE - Shifted PV
LCOE - Shifted & Direct PV
Annual Shifted PV Energy Delivered
PV CapEx
Fe/Cr RFB BESS CapEx
Project results have no ITC or other subsidy applied
1.0 MW
1.4 MW
1.8 MW
PV Size @ $1.25/Wp 2.0
MW
58
Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
! To Achieve 100% RE island • PV + BESS + Bio-diesel
! EPC/PV mfg ⇒ 4 to 5X larger PV installation ⇒ e.g.: 22 MWdc vs. max 4 to 6 MWac
allowed w/o storage
! EnerVault system • approx. 1/3 of TTL project • w/ full 24 hour backup
(+96 MW-hr) • adding energy ~ 2.5X more cost-
effective than adding power (PV + BESS chg.)
! Benefit of system to rate payers ⇒ 40% reduction in generation costs
vs. incumbent diesel gen sets
⇒ Controllable future costs ⇒ Market sustainable tourism
Project Example: Island µGrid
59
“lean” storage
full 24 hrs storage oversized PV
basic configuration
= ~
~ =
Energy Unit 90 MW-hrs
(5.5 hrs backup)
Power Unit 15 MWac
EnerVault BESS
22 MWdc
4 – 6 MWac Direct PV 4 MWac, 7 hrs
BESS 4 MWac, 17 hrs
18.7 MWac
14.7 MWac 4 MWac
Diesel Gen Set 6.6 MWac
~
PV Single Axis Tracking
22 MWp 53 Acres
Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Long-Duration, Decoupled Power & Energy Storage Systems
Provide multiple benefits to PV
PV System
๏ enhanced capacity factors
๏ enable TOD premiums - compete with fossils 24/7
๏ reduce penalties, losses from curtailment
๏ impart resiliency into weak grids
๏ enable capacity payments
๏ 3 to 10X more PV per project!
hr or E/P
O&
M C
ost
hr or E/P
$/kW
-hr
Decoupled Storage Systems (RFBs, CAES, RFCs, etc)
Source: EnerVault Corporation
Craig R Horne – All Rights Reserved 2015
Want To Know More?
http://www.energystorage.org
61
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