WW2

Approximately 62 million people died as a result of WWII.Approximately 37 million of those

people were civilians.

418,500 of these people were Americans.

The Versailles TreatyThe Versailles Treaty

A Weak League of Nations

The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

No control of major conflicts.No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament.No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.No effective military force.

III. War Debts & German III. War Debts & German ReparationsReparations

Allies owe US Government $9.6 billion and want US to forgive debt; US leaders refuse

German reparations to Allies = $33 billionUS fears German default, causes radicalismUS banks make loans to Germany; Germans

pay Allies; then Allies pay US GovernmentWhen US banks prefer US stocks, system

weakens; collapses with onset of Depression

Essentially military governments.People still hold private property. Property

may be forced to a national purpose, however.Militarism and nationalism.

Hitler’s racism an extension of this nationalism.

German Fascism largely an outgrowth of Treaty of VersaillesAllies humiliated Germany at the end of WWI.

Now a price to pay.

Fascism rises in EuropeFascism rises in Europe

The “Stab-In-The-Back” TheoryThe “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory

German soldiers are German soldiers are dissatisfied.dissatisfied.

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Germany Invades the Rhineland

March 7, 1936

Germany begins demanding more territoryDesires a larger Germany for all German

peoples—“Living space.”First Austria. (1938)Demands parts of Czechoslovakia

(Sudetenland).Hitler signs “non-aggression” pact with

Stalin (USSR)—They then divide Poland. (1939)

German AggressionGerman Aggression

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

… there has come back from Germany peace

with honor. I believe it is peace in our

… there has come back from Germany peace

with honor. I believe it is peace in our

British Prime Minister British Prime Minister Neville ChamberlainNeville Chamberlain

Appeasement—Giving in rather than standing up to and resisting aggression. Sacrifice principles to pacify an aggressor.

Britain’s Prime Minister Chamberlain agrees to Hitler taking Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia). Hitler says he will make no more territorial claims.

The “Problem” of the Sudetenland

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

Foreign Ministers Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & von Ribbentrop &

MolotovMolotov

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939

The “Pact of Steel”

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

Asia- Japan acting aggressively in ChinaEven sink US vessel Panay in 1937FDR argues for “quarantine” of

aggressors. Public react hostilely to this speech. Fears it will draw US into conflict. FDR backs down.

Japanese AggressionJapanese Aggression

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937

U. S. Neutrality Acts:

1934, 1935, 1937, 1939

U. S. Neutrality Acts:

1934, 1935, 1937, 1939

The US had returned to isolationism after WWIDiverse movement united by opposition to

another war; attracts a majority of AmericansNye Committee (1934–36) reflects suspicions

about WWI and animosity to war industriesNeutrality Acts passed in US Congress—

Designed to keep US out of European war1935—Military arms embargo against all belligerents

(regardless of whether aggressor or victim) (Renewed in 1936)

1937—Congress limits purchase of even non-military goods. Nations must pay in cash and carry these goods themselves. Avoid extension of credit, and potential harm to US merchant ships. (Remember WWI)

US IsolationismUS Isolationism

Roosevelt’s Evolving Roosevelt’s Evolving ViewsViews

• 1937 Act also mandates cash-and-carry trade• Prior to WWI, FDR was an interventionist, but

after WWI, FDR shares isolationist views publicly.

• Slowly, FDR worries that German, Italian, and Japanese aggression threatens US

• Begins rearmament and efforts to shift public opinion on aid to Allies (in 1939 gets repeal of 1935 Neutrality Act to allow arms sales)

America-First Committee

Charles Lindbergh

New Neutrality Acts of 1939—Cash and carry plan now extended to military goods to help Allies.

Destroyer Deal— FDR gave 50 old model destroyers to British in exchange for naval bases

Lend-Lease Law (1940)—Allies now broke. Can’t afford cash and carry. Congress passes law to allow lending and leasing of armaments.Lend hose when neighbor’s house is on fire.Arsenal of democracy—“Send guns not sons.”Neutrality is dead—Germans begin attacking

US ships escorting arms shipments.

Gradual Shift in US PolicyGradual Shift in US Policy

Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

Great Britain.........................$31 billionSoviet Union...........................$11 billionFrance......................................$ 3 billionChina.......................................$1.5 billionOther European.................$500 millionSouth America...................$400 million

The amount totaled: $48,601,365,000

U. S. Lend-Lease Act,1941

Lend-LeaseLend-Lease

US imposes embargo on war materials going to Japan. Negotiations take place between US and Japan to possibly end embargo.Japanese attack Pearl Harbor during

negotiations. (Dec. 7, 1941)

US enters the war.

Gradual Shift in US PolicyGradual Shift in US Policy

Dr. Seuss Goes to WarDr. Seuss Goes to War

Mobilizing the American Home Front

• Almost unanimous support for war; see it as fight for US way of life (democracy, family)

• To ensure support, FDR creates Office of War Information (1942) to sell war at home

• Why We Fight depicts war as heroes versus evil

• Office of Price Administration (OPA) sets prices on commodities and rents to control inflation

Mobilizing the American Home Front (cont.)

• OPA institutes rationing of key goods, and women play vital role in OPA’s success

• Even though profits soar, businesses resent OPA efforts to restrain price increases

• War Production Board oversees conversion to wartime economy; War Manpower Commission recruits workers for factories

• War demands sacrifices, offers rewards too

Wartime Economic Boom, 1940–45

• Depression ends as employment, GNP, wages, savings, corporate profits skyrocket

• US debt balloons (from $49 billion to $259 billion) as US Government finances war with deficits

• Overall industrial output triples; massive increases in key war products (planes)

• New industries emerge because of massive government assistance (synthetic rubber)

Government Incentives in Business & Universities

• War Production Board (WPB) guarantees profits in “cost + fixed-fee” contracts as well as generous tax deductions

• Big business grows bigger as 2/3 of all WPB contracts go to 100 largest businesses

• Big government grants mobilize higher education for war (MIT and radar, Manhattan Project)

• Universities join emerging military-industrial complex (interdependence)

Unions; Agriculture• Unions grow larger and work with US

Government with no strike pledge; National War Labor Board (NWLB) mediates union/management conflicts

• Strikes occur when NWLB limits raises; Gov’t passes War Labor Disputes Act (1943)

• War accelerates shift from family farms to large-scale, mechanized agribusiness

• Farm populations drops by 6 million

Growth in the Federal Government

• Federal employment grows from 1.1 million to 3.4 million by 1945; central to war effort

• Most dramatic growth in executive branch• After war, many Federal agencies continue

(Office of Strategic Services to CIA)• Emergency of WWII stimulates trend toward

bigness in government, business, labor, agriculture, and higher education

The Military Life

• Over 16.3 million men and women serve• Many suffer death, wounds, loneliness, fear,

post-traumatic stress disorder, and/or problems readjusting to civilian life

• War broadens horizons of vets; increases their skills/ambitions; many use 1944 GI Bill

• Despite repression, some act on homosexual attraction during war

Enemy Aliens, COs, & Japanese American Internees

• US Government interns 14,426 Europeans on fears of spying and bans Italian Americans from California

• Most conscientious objectors (religious who refuse draft) serve in civilian public service

• Government interns 120,000 Japanese Americans (including 77,000 US citizens) as “enemy race”

• None ever charged with treason; some enlist in military; internees lose homes/businesses

African Americans; Civil Rights Movement

• 887,000 black men and women serve in war as it offers opportunities (pilots, officers)

• Serve in segregated units; combat units perform well, but black soldiers suffer violence by white soldiers and civilians

• Navy disregards safety of black sailors (California, 1944), and Red Cross segregates blood

• Some black soldiers advocate “Double V”

African Americans; Civil Rights (cont.)

• CORE (1942) begins nonviolent direct actions in northern cities; NAACP grows

• New defense jobs spur 1.5 million blacks to migrate from South to cities in North and West; gain vote and join CIO unions

• Encounter lots of white hostility, including race riots; 250 riots (1943) worst one in Detroit

• Competition (jobs/housing) furthers tension

Women in the War Effort

• 354,000 serve in military as clerks/nurses• 38 female pilots die during war• Over 6 million women enter workforce for

patriotic and economic reasons; unlike 1930s, women workers receive praise during war

• Labor shortage creates opportunities for Americans; (Map 27.1*): 30 million people move during war, especially to West Coast

*A People and a Nation, Sixth Edition

Women in War Production• Many women (both white and black) enter

traditionally male jobs (riveters, welders)• Over 300,000 work in California aircraft

industry• Characteristics of working women also shift

from young and single to older and married• Working women suffer pay discrimination,

workplace segregation, and loss of jobs in 1945 • Public attitudes on gender do not change much

Family Life during WWII • Working mothers also suffer exaggerated criticism

that they neglect their children• Child-care a problem, but relatives and

Government help; no national epidemic of child neglect

• Children provide vital help to war effort, especially many teenagers who quit high school to take jobs

• Rates of marriages and divorces soar; hasty marriages unable to survive strains of war

Family Life during WWII (cont.)

• Birth rates also increase (“goodbye babies”)• Some males vets have trouble accepting new

independence in their wives (many of whom want to continue working)

• Many women leave workforce in 1945 (some voluntarily; many not)

• When these women later return to work, they find many jobs no longer open to them

Poland Attacked: Sept. 1, 1939

Blitzkrieg [“Lightening War”]

German Troops March into Warsaw

European Theater of Operations

The “Phoney War” Ends:Spring, 1940

Dunkirk EvacuatedJune 4, 1940

France SurrendersJune, 1940

A Divided FranceA Divided France

Henri PetainHenri Petain

The French ResistanceThe French Resistance

The Free The Free FrenchFrench

General Charles General Charles DeGaulleDeGaulle

The MaquisThe Maquis

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis:The Tripartite PactSeptember, 1940

Now Britain Is All Alone!Now Britain Is All Alone!

Battle of Britain:

The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:

The “Blitz”

Battle of Britain:The “Blitz”

The London “Tube”:Air Raid Shelters during the

The Royal Air ForceThe Royal Air Force

British Prime Minister Winston Churchill

The Atlantic CharterThe Atlantic Charter Roosevelt and Roosevelt and

Churchill sign Churchill sign treaty of treaty of friendship in friendship in August 1941.August 1941.

Solidifies Solidifies alliance.alliance.

Fashioned after Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Wilson’s 14 Points.Points.

Calls for League Calls for League of Nations type of Nations type organization.organization.

Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest MistakeOperation Barbarossa:

Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941

3,000,000 German soldiers.3,000,000 German soldiers. 3,400 tanks.3,400 tanks.

The “Big Three”The “Big Three”

Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph StalinWinston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, Joseph Stalin

Axis Powers in 1942Axis Powers in 1942

Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943

German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men

10,290 artillery guns

13,541 artillery guns

675 tanks 894 tanks

1,216 planes 1,115 planes

The North Africa Campaign:

The Battle of El Alamein, 1942

The North Africa Campaign:

The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 Gen. Ernst

Rommel,The “Desert Fox”

Gen. Ernst Rommel,

The “Desert Fox”

Gen. Bernard Law

Montgomery(“Monty”)

Gen. Bernard Law

Montgomery(“Monty”)

The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly”

The Italian Campaign [“Operation Torch”] :

Europe’s “Soft Underbelly” Allies plan Allies plan

assault on assault on weakest Axis weakest Axis area - North area - North Africa - Nov. Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1942-May 19431943

George S. George S. PattonPatton leads leads American American troopstroops

Germans Germans trapped in trapped in Tunisia - Tunisia - surrender surrender over 275,000 over 275,000 troops.troops.

The Battle for Sicily: June, 1943

General General George S. PattonGeorge S. Patton

The Battle of Monte Casino:February, 1944

The Allies Liberate Rome:June 5, 1944

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation

Overlord”]

Gen. Eisenhower Gives the Orders for D-Day [“Operation

Overlord”]

Operation Barbarossa:Operation Barbarossa:

D-Day (June 6, 1944)D-Day (June 6, 1944)

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Normandy Landing

(June 6, 1944)

Higgins Landing Higgins Landing CraftsCrafts

German German PrisonersPrisoners

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot

Major Claus Major Claus vonvon

StauffenbergStauffenberg

July 20, 1944 Assassination Plot

1. Adolf Hitler 2. Field Marshall Wilhelm Keitel 3. Gen Alfred von Jodl 4. Gen Walter Warlimont 5. Franz von Sonnleithner 6. Maj Herbert Buchs 7. Stenographer Heinz Buchholz 8. Lt Gen Hermann Fegelein 9. Col Nikolaus von Below10. Rear Adm Hans-Erich Voss11. Otto Gunsche, Hitler's adjutant12. Gen Walter Scherff (injured)13. Gen Ernst John von Freyend14. Capt Heinz Assman (injured)

TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944TThe Liberation of Paris:August 25, 1944

De Gaulle in De Gaulle in Triumph!Triumph!

U. S. Troops in Paris, 1944

French Female Collaborators

The Battle of the Bulge:Hitler’s Last Offensive

Dec. 16, 1944Dec. 16, 1944toto

Jan. 28, 1945Jan. 28, 1945

Yalta: February, 1945Yalta: February, 1945 FDR wants quick Soviet entry into FDR wants quick Soviet entry into

Pacific war.Pacific war. FDR & Churchill concede Stalin FDR & Churchill concede Stalin

needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want needs buffer, FDR & Stalin want spheres of influence and a weak spheres of influence and a weak Germany.Germany.

Churchill wants Churchill wants strong Germany strong Germany as buffer as bufferagainst Stalin.against Stalin.

FDR argues FDR argues for a ‘United for a ‘United Nations’.Nations’.

Mussolini & His Mistress,

Claretta Petacci

Are Hung in Milan, 1945

Mussolini & His Mistress,

Claretta Petacci

Are Hung in Milan, 1945

US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:

April 25, 1945

US & Russian Soldiers Meet at the Elbe River:

April 25, 1945

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

CrematoriCrematoria at a at

MajdanekMajdanek

Entrance Entrance to to

AuschwitzAuschwitz

Slave Labor at BuchenwaldSlave Labor at Buchenwald

Mass Graves at Bergen-BelsenMass Graves at Bergen-Belsen

Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:

Too Little, Too Late!

Hitler’s “Secret Weapons”:

Too Little, Too Late!V-1 Rocket:V-1 Rocket:

“Buzz “Buzz Bomb”Bomb”

V-2 V-2 RocketRocket

Werner von Werner von BraunBraun

Hitler Commits Suicide April 30, 1945

The FThe Füührer’s hrer’s BunkerBunker

Cyanide & PistolsCyanide & Pistols

Mr. & Mrs. HitlerMr. & Mrs. Hitler

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

General Keitel General Keitel

V-E Day (May 8, 1945)V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

The Code Breakers of WW II

Bletchley ParkBletchley Park

The German The German “Enigma” Machine“Enigma” Machine

The Japanese The Japanese “Purple” “Purple”

[naval] Code [naval] Code MachineMachine

Pearl HarborPearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor from the Cockpit of a Japanese Pilot

Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941Pearl Harbor - Dec. 7, 1941

A date which will live in infamy!

USS Arizona, Pearl HarborUSS Arizona, Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor MemorialPearl Harbor Memorial

2,887 Americans 2,887 Americans Dead!Dead!

President Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of WarPresident Roosevelt Signs the US Declaration of War

Pacific Theater of Operations

“Tokyo Rose”“Tokyo Rose”

Paying for the WarPaying for the War

Singapore Surrenders[February, 1942]

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,

the Philippines [March, 1942]

U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,

the Philippines [March, 1942]

Bataan Death March: April, 1942

76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] 76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to

POW camps in the Philippines.POW camps in the Philippines.

Bataan: British SoldiersBataan: British Soldiers

A A LiberateLiberated British d British

POWPOW

The Burma CampaignThe Burma Campaign

The “Burma The “Burma Road”Road”

General Stilwell General Stilwell Leaving Burma, Leaving Burma,

19421942

Allied Counter-Offensive:“Island-Hopping”

“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien

Island

“Island-Hopping”: US Troops on Kwajalien

Island

Farthest Extent of Japanese Conquests

Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:

First U. S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942

Battle of the Coral Sea:May 7-8, 1942

Battle of Midway Island:June 4-6, 1942

Japanese Kamikaze Planes:

The Scourge of the South Pacific

Japanese Kamikaze Planes:

The Scourge of the South Pacific

Kamikaze Kamikaze PilotsPilots

Suicide Suicide BombersBombers

Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the

Philippines! [1944]

Gen. MacArthur “Returns” to the

Philippines! [1944]

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,

Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

US Marines on Mt. Surbachi,

Iwo Jima [Feb. 19, 1945]

Potsdam Conference:July, 1945

FDR dead, Churchill out of office as FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference.Prime Minister during conference.

Stalin only original.Stalin only original. The United States The United States

has the A-bomb. has the A-bomb. Allies agree Germany Allies agree Germany

is to be divided into is to be divided into occupation zones occupation zones

Poland moved Poland moved around to suit around to suit the Soviets. the Soviets.

P.M. Clement President P.M. Clement President JosephJoseph Atlee Truman Stalin Atlee Truman Stalin

The Manhattan Project:Los Alamos,

Dr. Robert Dr. Robert OppenheimerOppenheimer

I am become death,

the shatterer of worlds!

I am become death,

the shatterer of worlds!

Major GeneralMajor GeneralLesley R. Lesley R. GrovesGroves

Tinian Island, 1945Tinian Island, 1945

Little Boy Fat ManLittle Boy Fat Man

Enola GayEnola Gay CrewCrew

Col. Paul Tibbets & the A-Bomb

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

radiation radiation poisoning & poisoning & cancer later.cancer later.

The Beginning of theAtomic Age

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

radiation radiation poisoningpoisoning& cancer later.& cancer later.

Japanese A-Bomb Survivors

Hiroshima MemorialsHiroshima Memorials

V-J Day (September 2, 1945)

Japanese POWs, GuamJapanese POWs, Guam

V-J Day in Times Square, NYC

WW II Casualties: Europe

Each symbol indicates 100,000

dead in the appropriate theater

of operations

WW II Casualties: AsiaWW II Casualties: Asia

Each symbol indicates 100,000

dead in the appropriate theater

of operations

WW II Casualtie

Country Country Men in war Men in war Battle deaths Battle deaths WoundedWounded

Australia Australia 1,000,000 1,000,000 26,976 26,976 180,864180,864

Austria Austria 800,000 800,000 280,000 280,000 350,117350,117

Belgium Belgium 625,000 625,000 8,460 8,460 55,51355,51311

BrazilBrazil22 40,334 40,334 943 943 4,2224,222

Bulgaria Bulgaria 339,760 339,760 6,671 6,671 21,87821,878

Canada Canada 1,086,3431,086,34377 42,04242,04277 53,14553,145

ChinaChina33 17,250,5217,250,521 1

1,324,516 1,324,516 1,762,0061,762,006

Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia — — 6,6836,68344 8,0178,017

Denmark Denmark — — 4,339 4,339 ——

Finland Finland 500,000 500,000 79,047 79,047 50,00050,000

France France — — 201,568 201,568 400,000400,000

Germany Germany 20,000,0020,000,000 0

3,250,0003,250,00044 7,250,0007,250,000

Greece Greece — — 17,024 17,024 47,29047,290

Hungary Hungary — — 147,435 147,435 89,31389,313

India India 2,393,891 2,393,891 32,121 32,121 64,35464,354

Italy Italy 3,100,000 3,100,000 149,496149,49644 66,71666,716

Japan Japan 9,700,000 9,700,000 1,270,000 1,270,000 140,000140,000

Netherlands Netherlands 280,000 280,000 6,500 6,500 2,8602,860

New Zealand New Zealand 194,000 194,000 11,62511,62544 17,00017,000

Norway Norway 75,000 75,000 2,000 2,000 ——

Poland Poland — — 664,000 664,000 530,000530,000

Romania Romania 650,000650,00055 350,000350,00066 ——

South Africa South Africa 410,056 410,056 2,473 2,473 ——

U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. — — 6,115,0006,115,00044 14,012,0014,012,0000

United Kingdom United Kingdom 5,896,000 5,896,000 357,116357,11644 369,267369,267

United States United States 16,112,5616,112,566 6

291,557 291,557 670,846670,846

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia 3,741,000 3,741,000 305,000 305,000 425,000425,000

1. Civilians only.2. Army and navy figures.3. Figures cover period

July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps.

4. Deaths from all causes.5. Against Soviet Russia;

385,847 against Nazi Germany.

6. Against Soviet Russia; 169,822against Nazi Germany.

7. National Defense Ctr., CanadianForces Hq., Director of History.

Massive Human Dislocations

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20c

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two

Superpowers of the later 20c

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of

the Cold War

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of

the Cold War

The Division of Germany:1945 - 1990

The Creation of the U. N.

The Nuremberg War Trials:

Crimes Against Humanity

The Nuremberg War Trials:

Crimes Against Humanity

Japanese War Crimes Trials

General General Hideki TojoHideki Tojo

Bio-Bio-Chemical Chemical

ExperimentExperimentss

7 Future American Presidents Served in World War II

The Race for SpaceThe Race for Space

Early Computer Technology

Came Out of WW II

Early Computer Technology

Came Out of WW II

Mark I, 1944Mark I, 1944

Admiral Grace Admiral Grace Hooper, 1944-1992Hooper, 1944-1992COBOL languageCOBOL language

Colossus, Colossus, 19411941

The Emergence of Third World Nationalist

Movements

The Emergence of Third World Nationalist

Movements

The De-Colonization of European Empires

WW2

News & Politics

WW2: Operation Barbarossa

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