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From the University of Nottingham School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, covering infectious diseases and vaccination for dogs and cats.
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School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Infectious diseases and vaccination in cats and dogs
Rachel Dean and Jenny Stavisky
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Introductions
• Rachel
• Jenny
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
What we do....
• Visit• Teach• Help
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
The Plan
• Principles of disease prevention & control– Bug, Host, Environment– Prevent, Protect, Control
• Infectious diseases– Parvovirus in dogs– Parvovirus in cats– Cat flu– Kennel cough
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
The problem
• Lots of animals• Lots of bugs• Stressful environment• Bugs are cleverer than we are
• The ideal future: no overpopulation + responsible pet ownership = no shelters
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
•Infectious diseases common in shelters•Caused by a variety of ‘bugs’•Bacteria, viruses, fungi, worms....•Viruses probably the biggest problem
Infectious diseases
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
1. Bug2. Host3. Environment
Relationships
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
BugThe Bug
• Which one(s)• Which animals are affected• How easily it’s transmitted• How well it survives in the environment
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
The Host
• Age• Pregnancy/ birth• Stress (physical or psychological)• Immunity (vaccination)
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Environment
• Contact between animals
• Presence of FOMITES
• Hygiene – cleaning, surfaces, drains, bedding
• Presence of quarantine/ isolation
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
1. Bug2. Host3. Environment
Relationships
DISEASE
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Three Part Strategy
1. PREVENT2. PROTECT3. CONTROL
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PREVENT
• Are the animals in a healthy environment?
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PREVENT
• Are the animals in a healthy environment?
• Nutrition and changes in diet
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PREVENT
• Are the animals in a healthy environment?
• Nutrition and changes in diet• Stress
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PREVENT
• Are the animals in a healthy environment?
• Nutrition and changes in diet• Stress • Most vulnerable animals
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PREVENT
• Are the animals in a healthy environment?
• Nutrition and changes in diet• Stress • Most vulnerable animals • Vaccination
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PROTECT
• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PROTECT
• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals
• Vaccinate!
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
What is a vaccine?• Similar to natural infection• Immune system responds to the vaccine
and protects the animal for a period of time
• The body remembers
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Types of vaccine
• Lots of different types
• Vaccination is safer than natural infection
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Expectations
• Nothing can stop an animal meeting a bug
• Some vaccines stop clinical disease and shedding of virus – canine parvovirus
• Some vaccines reduce clinical disease and shedding of virus – cat flu
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PROTECT
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PROTECT
• At least two vaccines when they start their vaccines
• Vaccinate as soon as possible after entering the shelter
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PROTECT
• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals• Vaccinate!• Vaccinate at the right age
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Can be too young
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Exception to the rule
• Poor start in life• High risk
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Never too old
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PROTECT
• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals• Vaccinate!• Vaccinate at the right age• Isolate sick animals
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PROTECT
• Quarantine facilities for new arrivals• Vaccinate!• Vaccinate at the right time• Isolate sick animals• Avoid spread of disease
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
PREVENT
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
CONTROL
• Recognise a problem early
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
CONTROL
• Recognise a problem early• Get EVERYONE involved
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
CONTROL
• Recognise a problem early• Get EVERYONE involved• Shut the area/shelter
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
CONTROL
• Recognise a problem early• Get EVERYONE involved• Shut the area/shelter• Euthanasia
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
CONTROL
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Think
1. PREVENT2. PROTECT3. CONTROL
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Teamwork!
• eds_catherding_low.MPG
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
The Plan
• Principles of disease prevention & control– Bug, Host, Environment– Prevent, Protect, Control
• Infectious diseases– Parvovirus in dogs– Parvovirus in cats– Cat flu– Kennel cough
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus
1. The bug• Small virus• Very hardy and difficult
to kill• Faecal-oral transmission• Likes rapidly dividing
cells
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus(and other causes of diarrhoea)Canine parvovirus
The host
• Puppies• At time of weaning• Change of diet, stress, disease
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus(and other causes of diarrhoea)Canine parvovirus
The environment• Presence of lots of virus• Other diseases• Stress
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus
The disease• Diarrhoea, often bloody• Vomiting• Miserable and lethargic• Dead litters
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus
Prevent• Most vulnerable• Foster pregnant bitches and litters• Hygiene
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus(and other causes of diarrhoea)Canine parvovirus
Protect• Dispose of faeces• Isolate where possible• Staff for isolation/clean last• Vaccinate
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus
• The vaccine works well• Stops disease and shedding• When and how frequently you give it will
depend on the situation• Pups get immunity directly from mother’s
milk – maternal antibody• Maternal antibody protects pups BUT
interferes with vaccine
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus
• Maternal antibody gives protection in first weeks of life
• Amount depends on: Immunity of mumMum’s milk productionHow much puppy
suckles
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Age of pup (weeks)
0 4 8 12 16
Maternalantibody
level
PREVENT
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus
• If in doubt vaccinate
• Start early and finish late!
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Canine parvovirus(and other causes of diarrhoea)Canine parvovirus
Control• Be suspicious early• Alert your vet• Hygiene very important• Euthanasia
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Feline parvovirus
= Feline Panleukopenia
= Feline Infectious Enteritis
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Feline Parvovirus1. The bug
– Very similar to the dog– Can spread to dogs
2. The host
3. The environment
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Special cases
• wobblycat.avi
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Feline Parvovirus
1. Prevent2. Protect
– Vaccination is very good
3. Control– ISOLATE!– Euthanasia?
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Cat flu
1. The bug(s)• There are lots of them – viruses and
bacteria• Cat-cat spread• Some are very good at living outside the
body – FOMITES• Can be infected with no signs – ‘Carriers’• Latent infection
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Cat flu
2. The host• Kittens are very vulnerable (> 6 weeks)• Adults can get ill too
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Cat flu
3. The environment
• Lots of bugs and lots of cats
• Bugs survive well outside the cat
• Carriers
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Cat flu
3. The environment
Stress makes it worse
Latency
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Cat flu
1. PREVENT• Hygiene• Barriers• Ventilation
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Cat flu
2. PROTECT• Keep quarantined until vaccinated
• Vaccination• reduces amount of disease/virus• does not prevent infection
• Isolate cats with flu
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Cat flu
3. CONTROLAfter infection takes time to see disease
One sneeze = TROUBLE!
Call your vet
Isolate
Clean
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Kennel cough
1. Bug• Lots of bugs
2. Host• Most dogs
3. Environment• Many kennels
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Kennel cough
• kennel cough.avi
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Kennel coughKennel cough
Disease• Coughing!!!• Snotty noses• Some mildly ill• Few very ill• Pneumonia
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Kennel coughKennel cough
1. Prevent• Quarantine new dogs
2. Protect• Vaccines may help
3. Control• Isolate• Fomites!• Cats/humans
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Think
1. PREVENT2. PROTECT3. CONTROL
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
Thank you
• Centre for Evidence based Veterinary Medicine
• School of Veterinary Medicine and Science• ICAWC• Shelters and animals• Brigita
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science
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