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Introduction to Accounting Standards
CA. Dhruv Sethds@sethspro.com
1Background &
Authority
2Reporting Standards
3Compliance Standards
Accounting Standards
Background & Authority1
Publications by ICAI
• Accounting Standards
• Guidance Notes
• Expert Opinion
Evolution of standards
Accounting Standards
Initiation
AS 1 to AS 15 1979 to 1995
AS 16 to AS 29 2000 to 2007
AS 30 to AS 32 Later part of 2007
Applicability of Standards
Accounting Standards Level I
Level II
Level III
AS 1 to 14 (except AS 3), 15, 16, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28 and 29
a a a
AS 3 and 17 a r rAS 18 and 24 a a rAS 21, 23 and 27 (Only if entity prepares consolidated financial statements)
a r r
2 Reporting Standards
AS-1Disclourse of Accounting Policies
Fundamental Accounting Assumptions• Going Concern• Consistency• Accrual
Consideration in selecting policies• Prudence• Substance over form• Materiality
AS-1-Disclourse of Accounting Policies
• To ensure proper understanding by adequate disclosures
• Any change in accounting policy which affects the reader
• The amount of effect due to such policy change to be highlighted
AS-3Cash Flow
• Depicts Incoming and Outgoing of Funds
• Highlights the true operations
• Cash flow into three sub sections :-• Operating Activities• Financing Activities• Investing Activities
A. CASH FLOW FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIESNet Profit\(Loss) before tax as per Profit & Loss Account 17,38,571.28 Adjusted for:-Add:- non cash DebitsDepriciation \ Amortisation \Impairment 11,55,197.00 Interest and Finance Charge (73,083.67)
10,82,113.33 Operating Profit before Working Capital Changes 28,20,684.61 Adjusted for:-(Increase)\Decrease in Trade & other receivables (5,52,562.00)(Increase)\Decrease in Inventories (3,61,023.00)Increase\(Decrease) in Trade Payable & other payable 12,17,969.75
3,04,384.75 Net Cash from Operating Activities 26,73,106.36
B. CASH FLOW FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIESPurchase of fixed Assets (19,96,544.00)Sale of Fixed Assets 0.00 Net Cash from\(used in) Investing Activities (19,96,544.00)
C. CASH FLOW FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIESIncrease\(Decrease) in Long Term Borrowings (1,83,081.03)Interest and Finance Charge 73,083.67
Net Cash from\(used in) Financing Activities (1,09,997.36)Net Increase / (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents 5,66,565.00 Opening Balance of Cash & Cash Equivalents 15,58,060.59 Closing Balance of Cash & Cash Equivalents 21,24,625.59
Particulars Amount CY Amount PY
Net profit 1,000 --------------
Depreciation 500 --------------
Interest Income 200 --------------
Miscellaneous Expenses W/off 200 --------------
Sundry Debtors 800 1,000
Sundry Creditors 1,000 1,300
Share Capital 500 600
Long Term Borrowings 300 400
Fixed Assets 600 500
Closing Stock 500 700
Cash and Bank 1,500 1,200
Cash Flow
Particulars Amount CY
Net profit 1,000
Add: Depreciation (Non Cash Item) 500
Less: Interest Income (Finance Income) (200)
Add: Miscellaneous Expenses W/off 200
SUB TOTAL 1,500
Change in Sundry Debtors 200
Change in Sundry Creditors (300)
Change in Inventory 200
Cash Flow from Operating Activities 1,600
Cash Flow
Particulars Amount CY
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Less: Increase in Fixed Assets (100)
Add: Interest Income (Finance Income) 200
Cash Flow from Investing Activities 100
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Reduction in Long Term Borrowings (100)
Reduction in Share Capital (100)
Cash Flow from Financing Activities (200)
Cash Flow
Particulars Amount CY
Cash Flow from Operating Activities 1,600
Cash Flow from Investing Activities 100
Cash Flow from Financing Activities (200)
CASH Flow for the year 1,500
Cash and Bank Balance 1,500
Cash Flow
AS-4 - Contingencies and events occurring after B/s date
• Accounting treatment for
• Contingent Losses
• Contingent Gains
• Determination of amounts in case
to be included
AS-4 - Contingencies and events occurring after B/s dateEvents occurring after the balance sheet date are those significant events, both favorable and unfavorable, that occur between the balance sheet date and the date on which the financial statements are approved by the Board of Directors in the case of a company, or by the corresponding approving authority in the case of any other entity.(a) those which provide further evidence of conditions that existed at the balance sheet date;
(b) those which are indicative of conditions that arose subsequent to the balance sheet date.
AS-5 Net profit for the period, prior period and change in accounting policy
• Net Profit for the period
• Profit and Loss from ordinary
activity and
• Extraordinary items
AS-5 Net profit for the period, prior period and change in accounting policy
• Prior Period Items
• Arose in the current period
• As a result of
• Error OR
• Omission
in any previous prior year
AS-5 Net profit for the period, prior period and change in accounting policy
• Change in Accounting Estimate
• Change in Accounting Policy
• Required by a statue OR
• Compliance with an AS OR
• More appropriate presentation
AS- 13 Accounting for Investments
• Investment Defined as
• Current Investment
• Long Term Investment
• Investment Property
AS- 13 Accounting for Investments
Carrying Amounts
• Current Investment
• Lower of Cost of FMV
• Long Term Investment
• Generally carried at cost unless
permanent diminution
AS- 13 Accounting for Investments
Disclosures
• Accounting Policies undertaken
• Classification of Investments
• Amounts in P&L (Interest, Profit etc.)
• Restriction on ownership, realisability
• Other disclosures as per statues
AS- 17 Segment Reporting
Disclosures
• Primarily two segment reporting
• Business Segment
• Geographical Segment
• Reportable Segment
• Greater than 10% of revenue OR
• Management discretion
AS- 18 Related Party
Disclosures
• Related Parties are those that :-
• Control OR
• Significantly Influence
The management or operating
policies of the entity during the
reporting period.
AS- 18 Related Party
Disclosures
• Related Party relationships
• Nature of transactions between them
• Volume of Transactions
• Amounts written off with regard to
them
• Amounts Outstanding as on B/s date
AS- 20 Earnings per share
Disclosures
• Types of Calculation
• Basic
• Diluted
AS- 22 Accounting for Taxes
• Types of disclosure
• Current Year Tax
• Deferred Tax
AS- 23 Accounting for investment in Associates
Objectives to set out • Principles and • Procedures for recognizing the investment associates in CFS of the investors, so that effect of investments in associates on financial position of group is indicated.
AS- 24 Discontinuing Operations
• Discontinuing Operation
• Disposing off substantial part of the
enterprise
• Terminating through abandonment
• Represents separate major line of
business
• Can be distinguished
AS- 25 Interim Financial Reporting
• Reporting for less than a year i.e 3 months
• Clause 41 says publish financial results on quarterly basis.
• Objective is to provide frequently and timely assessment
AS- 29 Provision, Contingent Liability and assets
• Provision – is a liability measured using substantial estimation
• Liability – Present obligation arising from past events which is expected in an outflow of resources
• Obligating Event – Enterprise having mo alternative other than settlement
AS- 29 Provision, Contingent Liability and assets
• Provision to be recognized when:-• Present obligation exists• Outflow of resources would occur• Reliable estimate
All the above conditions to be satisfied cumulatively in order to warrant a provision in books
AS- 29 Provision, Contingent Liability and assets
Compliance Standards 3
AS- 2 Valuation of Inventories
Inventories are assets :-• Held for sale in ordinary course• In the process of production for such
sale OR• Materials or supplies for rendering
productionNet Realizable value :-• Estimated selling price in the
ordinary course less estimated completion and sales cost
AS- 2 Valuation of Inventories
Cost of Inventory• Compromise all costs of purchase• Cost of Conversion• Other costs in bringing the
inventories to their present location and condition
AS- 2 Valuation of Inventories
Exclusions from Cost of Inventory• Abnormal wastage• Storage costs unless for production• Administrative overheads • Selling and distribution costs
AS- 2 Valuation of Inventories
• Inventories comprise of • Raw Materials• Work in Progress• Finished Goods• Spares etc.• DOES NOT INCLUDE
• Shares and securities• Livestock or agricultural goods• Construction contracts
AS- 6Accounting for Depreciation
Exclusions from Standard
• Forest, Plants or natural resources
• Expenditure on R&D
• Goodwill and Intangibles
• Live Stock
• Land unless limited useful life
AS- 6Accounting for Depreciation
Depreciation is a measure of• Loss of value arising from
• Use• Effluxion of Time• Obsolesce through technology
• Measured for a charge of fair proportion over the expected life of the asset
AS- 6Accounting for Depreciation
• Should be applied consistently
• Change of method is change in accounting policy (retrospective working required)
• Change in life of asset to be applied prospectively since change in estimate
AS- 6Accounting for Depreciation
• Reviewed periodically for technological degradation
• Addition which becomes integral part to be written off in same manner
• Disclose the rate of depreciation if different from the one in statue
AS- 10Accounting for Fixed Assets
Fixed Asset is :-
• Held with an intention of being used
• For the purpose of production
• Not held for sale in the normal course of business
AS- 10Accounting for Fixed Assets
Components of costs
• Attributable costs in bringing the asset to its working condition :-• Site preparation• Initial delivery• Installation costs• Freight• Professional fees• Startup costs
AS- 10Accounting for Fixed Assets
Improvements and Repairs
• Expenses to be capitalized when
• Increases the future benefits• Material in nature
AS- 10 Accounting for Fixed Assets
Particulars IT Act ASMethod of Depreciation W.D.V W.D.V or S.L.M.
Rates of Depreciation As in IT Rules Sch XIV of CA, 1956
Concept of Grouping Block of Asset Each asset separately
Change in Method Not Allowed Allowed
Depreciation Full or Half Year Day wise pro-rata
Revaluation Not Allowed Allowed
Asset disposed off To continue in block To be written off
Depreciation in Sale Not Allowed Day wise pro-rata
AS- 7 Construction Contracts
•Both percentage of completion method and the completed contract method allowed
• Applies to Contractors & Developer\Builders
AS-7 OLD NEW
• Only percentage of completion method allowed
• Applies to Contractors only
AS- 7Construction Contracts
• Large contracts only bifurcated :-• Separate proposals for each• Each asset subject to individual
negotiation• Cost and revenue can be identified
AS- 7Construction Contracts
Cost which do not form part of construction cost and require write off:-
• General Administration costs• Selling costs• R&D costs• Depreciation of idle P&M
AS- 7Construction Contracts
• Expected Loss from a contract to be recognized immediately; else
• Revenue to be recognized only to the extent contract costs incurred and recovery of same is probable.
• Change in contracts costs to be treated as change in estimate.
AS- 7Construction Contracts
Example of Percentage completion
Cost of Construction – Rs. 150 crore
Time Period of construction – 3 years
Contracted Price – Rs. 200 crore
Estimated Profit – Rs. 50 crore over 3 years
AS- 7Construction Contracts
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Cost Incurred 40.00 90.00 140.00
Percentage Completion 25% 60% 100%
Revenue Recognized 50.00 70.00 80.00
25% of 200
60% of 200 less last years
Balance
Cost to be debited 40.00 50.00 60.00
Profit for the year 10.00 20.00 20.00
AS- 7 Construction Contracts
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Cost Incurred 40.00 90.00 180.00
Percentage Completion 25% 50% 100%
Revenue Recognized 50.00 50.00 100.00
25% of 200
50% of 200 less last years
Balance
Cost to be debited 40.00 50.00 90.00
Profit for the year 10.00 0.00 10.00
2nd Year cost estimate at revised 180 cr
AS- 7 - Construction Contracts
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Estimated Total Cost 1,000.00
Estimated Construction Cost 600.00
Estimated Revenue 1,500.00
Total Cost incurred 500 700 1000
Construction Cost Incurred 100 300 600
Area Sold 15% 30% 100%
Amount Received from customers 200 400 1500
Eligible Customer Contracts 1000 1200 1500
AS- 7 Construction Contracts
Particulars Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
Development Cost Incurred 100 300 600
Percentage Completion 16.67% 50.00% 100.00%
Revenue Recognized 0.00 600.00 900.00
Since less than 25%
50% of 1,200 less last years
Balance
Cost to be debited 0.00 500.00 500.00
Profit for the year 00.00 100.00 400.00
Work in Progress (Balance Sheet) 500.00 200.00 0.00
Guidance Note – Real Estate revenue recognition
Revenue to be recognized when :-• All major clearances received AND• Project is completed 25% of
construction costs. AND• Atleast 25% of the saleable project
area is secured by contracts AND• Atleast 10% of the amount in the
above contracts have been received
AS- 9Revenue Recognition
Revenue is the :-
• Gross Inflow
• In the course of Ordinary activities
• Exception – Commission Agency
AS- 9Revenue Recognition
Methods of Revenue recognition
• Completed Service Contract Method
• Proportionate completion method
• Exception – Commission Agency
AS- 9Revenue Recognition
Point of Revenue recognition
• Transfer of Risk and Rewards
• Certainty of realization
• Interest – Time basis
• Dividend – Right to receive is established
AS- 9Revenue Recognition
Point of Revenue recognition
• Delivery delayed at buyers request• Delivery subject to installation• Consignment Sale• Cash on Delivery sale• Sale on Installments• Treatment of Bulk Trade discounts• Advertisement• Admission fees for 10 years
AS-11Effect of Foreign Exchange
Important Definition
Monetary Items – Money held and assets and liabilities to be received or paid in fixed or determinable amounts of money
Non Monetary Items – Assets and liabilities other than monetary items
AS-11Effect of Foreign Exchange
Initial Recording
• At the prevalent transaction exchange rate
Subsequent reporting dates• Monetary Items – Revalued• Non monetary Items – HistoricalRevaluation charged to P&L
AS-12Accounting for Government Grants
Government means
• Government agencies and similar bodies whether local, national or international
Approaches for recognition• Capital Approach• Income Approach
AS-12Accounting for Government Grants
Point of Recognition
• Reasonable assurance that the enterprise would comply to the conditions attached; AND
• Benefits have been earned and reasonable certainty that the ultimate collection would be made.
AS-16Borrowing Costs
Borrowing Cost to be capitalized when• Assets is a qualifying asset• Without the asset such cost would not
have occurred at all
Types of Borrowing Cost• Specific Borrowing• General Borrowing
AS-16Borrowing Costs
Under Income Tax Act, 1961
• Explanation 8 to Sec 43(1) read with Sec 36(1) the treatment of Interest is to be –• Capitalize in Asset till the date it is
first put to use• Write off to P&L after asset has
been first put to use
AS-16Borrowing Costs
Cessation of capitalization
• Accounting Standard 16• Substantially all the activities are
over for intended use or sale
• Income Tax Act 1961• Once the asset has been actually
put to use
AS-19 Leases
Classification of Leases• Finance Lease• Operating Lease
Allow ability of Depreciation (AS-6)• Finance Lease - Lessee• Operating Lease – Lessor
Allow ability of Depreciation (IT Act)• Finance or Operating - Lessor
AS-26 Intangibles
Intangible Asset• Identifiable• Non monetary assets• Without physical substance• Held for use of production or supply
Asset• Controlled by an enterprise• With future economic benefits
AS-26 Intangibles
Difference between Accounts and treatment in Income Tax Act, 1961
• Preliminary Expenses• Heavy Advertisement Expenses• Advance lease rental for next 5 years• Stamp papers for the above rental• Research Expenses
THANK YOU
Dhruv Sethds@sethspro.com
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