Immunization

IMMUNIZATION

Rahul Dhaker, Lecturer

PCNMS- Haldwani

• Immunization is a process of protecting an

individual from a disease through introduction of

live, or killed or attenuated organisms in the

individual system. Immunization against vaccine-

preventable diseases is essential to reduce the

child mortality, morbidity and handicapped

condition.

Six Killer disease

• Pertussis,

• Tetanus

• Measles

• Poliomyelitis,

• Tuberculosis,

• Diphtheria,

Immunizing agents

• Vaccines

• Immunoglobulin

• Antisera or Antitoxins

Vaccines• vaccines are immune-biological substance which

produce specific protection against a given

disease.

• It stimulate active production of protective

antibody and other immune mechanisms.

• Vaccines are prepared from live attenuated

organisms and killed attenuated vaccines

Cont…

• Live attenuated vaccines-

– Bacterial- BCG, Typhoid(oral), Plague

– Viral- oral polio, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow

fever, influenza

– Rickettisal- Epi. Typhus.

• Killed vaccines –

– Bacterial- pertussis, typhoid, cholera,

– Viral- Rabies, Hepatitis B, Influenza, Japanese

encephalitis

– Combinations- DTP, MMR, DT, Hib-Hep B,

Immunoglobulin

• the human immunoglobulin (Ig) system is

composed of 5 major classes (IgG, IgM, IgA,

IgD, & IgE) and subclasses within them.

Antisera or Antitoxins

• The term antisera is applied to the material

prepared in animal. Organically passive immunity

was achieved by the administration of antisera or

antitoxins prepared from non- human sources like

horse.

– Bacterial- Diphtheria, tetanus, Gas gangrene

– Viral- Rabies.

National immunization Schedule

• Immunization schedule should be planned

according to the needs of the community.

• It must be effective, feasible and acceptable by the

community. Every country has its own

immunization schedule.

•The WHO launched global immunization program

in 1974, known as Expended program on

Immunization(EPI) to protect all children of the

world against six killer disease.

Cont…

• In INDIA EPI was launched in January 1978.

• The EPI is now renamed as Universal Child

Immunization, as per declaration sponsored by

UNICEF.

• IN India, it is called as Universal Immunization

Program(UIP) and was launched in 1985,

November, for the universal coverage of

immunization to the eligible population.

Cont….

• The Global Alliance for Vaccines and

Immunization (GAVI) is worldwide coalition of

organization, established in 1990.

• GAVI is collaborative mission of of Govt., NGOs,

UNICEF, WHO and World Bank.

National Immunization

Schedule