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The progress of Althea Hayton's 10 year research programme to clarify the psychological profile of the womb twin survivor.
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Towards a psychological profile of womb twin
survivorsAlthea Hayton
This presentation
• Literature search• Twins and twinning• Questionnaire • Analysis & results
Literature research
• When one twin dies before birth
• The development of a research questionnaire
• The results of the first analysis
The literature search
• Books• Articles• Web sites ?
A little-known area of study?
Dr Louis G. KeithEncouraging writing about twins
The Keith TwinsDonald (left) and
Louis
The Center for the Study of Multiple
Birth, ChicagoFounded 1977
Published articles
1982: The Vanishing Twin
Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae (Roma)
Landy HJ, Keith L, Keith D.
Helain J. Landy, MD
Books
1995: Multiple pregnancy: epidemiology, gestation & perinatal outcome By Isaac Blickstein, Louis G. Keith (2nd edition 2005)
How many twins are lost before birth?
Charles E. Boklage, PhD
“For every live-born twin pair, 10 - 12 pregnancies result in single births.”
1990: “Survival probability of human conceptions from fertilization to term.” International Journal of Fertility
Conclusions
• On average 1% of live births are twins.
• For every live-born pair of twins there are 10 womb twin survivors
• Womb twin survivors make up 10% of the world’s population
How one twin may die before birth
No evidence
Evidence cannot be available if:
The baby was adoptedMother will not talk about itMother has diedNo other family members knewNo one suspected twins ?
Death in the womb
One foetal heart stops beating
The “vanishing” twin on the ultrasound scan
The “vanishing” twin
Bleeding in the first trimester
More than one embryo implanted after IVF
Miscarriage, but pregnancy continues
Abortion, but pregnancy continues
Multi-fetal pregnancy reduction
Signs of a lost twin at birth
One twin stillborn
An acardiac twin
Fetus papyraceous
In the body of the survivor
Parasitic twin
Illustration of an adult man with a parasitic twin from “Monstrorum Historia Memorabilis” by Johann Schenk, 1609
The fetus in fetu
Teratoma
Dermoid cyst
.
Characteristics of the opposite sex
Auto-immune disease
Lupus “butterfly” rash
Vitiligo
Irregular patches of dark skin
Other indications of twinning
?
Uterus extra large in first trimester
Mother took ovulation-stimulating drugs
Clomid Serophene
Cerebral palsy
Sole surviving twins are at increased risk of cerebral palsy.
1996 Pharoah POD, Cooke T. “Cerebral palsy and multiple births.” Archives of Diseases in Childhood.
Left- or mixed-handedness
Twins in the family
The psychological impression on the survivor
• No sense of time
• No sense of place
• No sense of process or logic• Confused senses
• Vagueness of impressions
• Chaotic perception ?
Creating the research questionnaire
• Details of mother’s pregnancy • Signs of a lost twin• Indications of a lost twin• Feelings, beliefs and attitudes
?
Details of pregnancy“Yes”, “no” or “don’t know”
Signs of a lost twin“Yes”, “no” or “don’t know”
Bodily indications of a lost twin“Yes”, “no” or “don’t know”
Feelings, beliefs and attitudes
A,B,C,D,E % No longer
The results
• 500 questionnaires were completed
• 266 respondents were able to provide evidence of their twin
• A preliminary analysis carried out by the Statistics Department of the University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK in 2009
The selected respondents
• Only those able to provide evidence that their twin once existed
• Only those who showed the strongest agreement with the statement concerned
266 in all
A sense of self
• Not realising my full potential
• Feel different
• Two sides
• Torn in two
• Low self-esteem
Feelings
• Something missing
• Alone, even among friends
• Unsatisfied
• Deep pain that will not heal
Difficulty with relationships
• Fear of rejection• Fear of
abandonment• Searching• Strong inner life• Sabotage
Problem behaviours
• A problem with anger
• Restlessness
• I get bored easily
• Clutter/hoarding
A psychological profile of womb twin survivors
• An unusual person • Signs of psychological distress • Negative moods and feelings• Difficulties in relationships• Self-sabotage• Self-defeating behaviour• A fragile sense of self
The research continues
www.WombTwinSurvivors.com
The research continues
“Does zygosity matter?”
Identical (monozygotic) twins formed from one zygote
Monozygotic twinsZygote divided at 1-4 days after conception
Monozygotic twins
Zygote divided 3-8 days after conception
Zygote divided 8-12 days after conception
The responses of monozygotic womb twin survivors
ANGER VULNERABLE PERFECTIONIST
The psychological characteristcs of monozygotic womb twin survivors
ANGER: I have a problem with anger - either there is too much or too little
VULNERABLE: Deep down I feel very vulnerable, as if it would not take much to totally annihilate me as an individual
PERFECTIONIST: I am a perfectionist
Fraternal (dizygotic) twins formed from two separate zygotes
Dizygotic twins
Separate placentas Fused placentas
The responses of dizygotic womb twin survivors
DARK RESTLESS DEEP PAIN
The psychological characteristics of dizygotic womb twin survivors
DARK: I am afraid of being alone in the dark
RESTLESS : All my life I have felt restless and unsettled
DEEP PAIN : all my life I have carried deeply felt emotional pain that persists, despite all my efforts to heal myself
A multiple pregnancy formed from three or more zygotes
Triplets
The responses of multiple womb twin survivors
REST GUILTY DEATH
The psychological characteristics of multiple womb twin survivors
REST: I know I do not rest enough
GUILTY: I feel guilty about everything
DEATH : deep down I somehow know I experienced death before I was born
A complex of vague impressions dating back to pre-birth, which for womb twin survivors includes a vague imprint of the presence
of Another.
The Dream of the Womb
www.wombtwinsurvivors.com
All you ever needed to know about womb twin survivors
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