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SURVEY OF TURKISH PRACTICE EVALUATING THE MANAGEMENT OF POSTDURAL PUNCTURE HEADACHE
IN THE OBSTETRIC POPULATION
Berrin Günaydın, MD, PhDDepartment of Anesthesiology
Gazi University Faculty of MedicineANKARA-TURKEY
Background
• Surveys and meta-analysis concerning the management of PDPH in the obstetric population have been published
– Choi et al. Examining the evidence in anaesthesia literature: a survey and evaluation of obstetrical Postdural puncture headache reports. Can. J. Anesth., 49, 49–56, 2002.
– Baraz and Collis. The management of accidental dural puncture during labour epidural analgesia: a survey of UK practice. Anaesthesia, 60, 673-679, 2005.
Aim
• Primarily to determine the current practice in the management of PDPH in a small sample reflecting roughly the commonly preferred approaches
• Secondly to provide awareness of the responders with this particular entity
Methods
• Questionnaire including 24 questions similar to Baraz and Collis’s were given to the participants
• Participants were asked to submit their surveys either to the surveyors or send it via e-mail to the contact person later
• Microsoft Excel® software was used for data analysis
• Results were presented as n and/or %
Results
• 78 out of 111 surveys returned
(Response rate was 70%)
• The responders consisted of – 21 (26.92%) residents– 25 (32.05%) fellows– 21 (26.92%) academic staff – 11 (14.10%) did not identify any degree
Results
• Rate of auditing inadvertent dural puncture during labour or cesarean was 35%
• Having written guidelines for the management of accidental dural puncture – Yes: 10%– N: 64%– Under the process of writing: 4%– No reply: 22%
50% stated that it was necessary at the end of the survey
Prophylactic measures to prevent PDPH following recognized accidental dural puncture
During delivery • Nothing (19.2%) • Others (80.8%)*
– Leave spinal catheter for 24 h – Avoid pushing – Variable – Limit 2nd stage
After delivery* • Fluid intake and/or
paracetamol/NSAID/codeine (59-81%)
• Blood injection before catheter removal (10%)
• Epidural crystalloid infusion before catheter removal (19%)
• Prophylactic blood patch within 24 h of delivery (12%)
• Variable (15%)
*one or more of the options have been chosen
Results - During delivery
• When accidental dural puncture during epidural insertion was recognized
– epidural catheter was left in situ to use as a spinal catheter (36%)
Kuczkowski K.M., Decreasing the incidence of post-dural puncture headache: an update. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 49, 594, 2005.
or
– epidural catheter was re-sited at a different level (64%)
Gunaydin and Karaca. Prevention strategy for PDPH. Acta Anaesth. Belg., 57, 163-165, 2006.
Possible reasons for using an epidural catheter as an intrathecal catheter
No recommendation (62%)
Possible reasons according to preferance order (38%)*
Allow immediate analgesia for labour Avoid another dural puncture Reduce the incidence and/or severity of PDPH Only in difficult cases (e.g. obesity & multiple attempts)
Kuczkowski K.M., Post-dural puncture headache in the obstetric patient: an old problem. New solutions. Minerva Anestesiol., 70, 823-830, 2004.
Kuczkowski and Benumof. Decrease in the incidence of post-dural puncture headache: maintaining CSF pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 47, 98-100, 2003.
*one or more of the options have been chosen
Results - After delivery Non-invasive methods for PDPH treatment
• In addition to the encouragement of fluid intake and/or paracetamol/NSAID/codeine – Caffeine (oral/iv)– Theophylline (oral) – IV hydrocortisone– IM ACTH– SC sumatriptin – Strong opioids
Ambulation after delivery following accidental dural puncture
• As early as possible: 7%
• Bed rest:6 h (3%),12 h (15%) or 24 h (36%)
• No idea: 49%
Methods routinely used for PDPH treatment
• 1st option is the conservative treatment
• Blood patch was mostly preferred after failed conservative treatment
• Blood patch as soon as PDPH diagnosed is less preferred
• Different measures can be selected
HistoryHistory (Gormley 1960, DiGiovanni & Dunbar 1970)
Mechanism of actionMechanism of actionPlug theoryPlug theory
Clot is formed by injecting 15-20 ml autologous blood in the epidural space to provide adherence to the dura mater and directly patches the hole
Pressure patch hypothesisPressure patch hypothesis
Volume of blood injected into epidural space increases CSF pressure leading to reduction in the traction of the pain sensitive brain structures
Epidural Blood Patch (Epidural Blood Patch (EBPEBP))
EBPEBP
Contraindications Contraindications Infection on the back Sepsis Coagulopathy Raised white cell
count Prexia Patient refusal
TimingTiming Beyond 24 h after
dural puncture
RRecumbent ecumbent positioningpositioning
For 2 h after patching may improve the efficacy
EBPEBP
Complication rate is rare ~35% backache Success rate is ~94% (70-98%)
90% initial relief 61-75% persistent relief
Repeat EBP has a similar success rate Reverse complications of dural puncture
TreatmentTreatment It is recommended not to delay EBP more than 24 h
after the diagnosis of severesevere PDPH
EBP
• Mostly performed in the recovery room
• Sometimes in the labour ward
• Rarely in the patient’s room
• Generally performed with the help of a resident or a staff member
• Rarely performed by one person
Gunaydin et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2008
EBP
• Intravenous access before EBP (69%)
• ECG (58%)
• Blood pressure (65%) and
• Pulse oxymeter (63%) were performed by the majority of the responders
Gunaydin et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2008
Advices at discharge after a successfull EBP
• Discharge – After EBP 1 (4%), 2 (15%) or 3-6 hours (44%)
• Follow-up – Before full mobilization 2 (47%) or 4 hours (23%)
of bed rest– Increase fluid intake– Keep intervention side clean– Contact whenever headache reoccurs and report
fever, weakness or numbness
Gunaydin et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2008
After an unsuccessfull EBP
• Rate of never considering another EBP (36%)
• Rate of repeating EBP (37%)
• No recommendation (27%)
• If two EBPs were unsuccessfull, further investigations were considered (63%)
Gunaydin et al. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 2008
Conclusion
• According to the present survey, re-siting epidural catheter at a different intervertebral space or using epidural catheter as an intrathecal catheter was preferred for the prevention of PDPH in case of recognized accidental dural puncture
• Non-invasive methods consisting of encouragement of fluid intake and drugs were routinely used for the treatment of PDPH
Conclusion
• Although these results showed the current practice of this small sample, in order to follow the change in these strategies and to catch almost a standard approach for the prevention and management of PDPH, further surveys including most of the centers are required.
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