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SigmaXi - 2013
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HAPLOGROUP DETERMINATION OF ANCIENT MAYA DNA
Presenters
Michael HaynesSUNY Plattsburgh
Edmund AdjapongSUNY Plattsburgh
Thursday, March 14, 13
Research Goals
Research Goals
To compose the largest haplogroup study of ancient Maya skeletons
The results of this study will contribute knowledge to biologist, anthropologist, and historians, not only about ancient Maya populations, but about Amerindians as a whole
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Introduction
The primary objective of this research was to examine ancient DNA extracted from Maya skeletons that were previously unearthed from Tipu, Belize
The four primary migration routes of Native Americans (A, B, C, and D) were being studied, this will contribute to the study of haplogroups of ancient Maya people to date (Figure 1)
There are approximately five hundred and eighty eight skeletons that were unearthed and collected (Figure 2)
These skeletons are the largest collection of Mayan remains from one burial site and are currently housed at SUNY Plattsburgh for continued study
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Figure 1. Map depicting the four founder haplogroups of the Americas. The black square roughly designates Belize, while migration routes for haplogroup A, B, C, and D have been marked with red letters. Image retrieved and edited from O’Hare, 2009.
Figure 2. Diagram depicting the location of the Maya remains exhumed from Tipu. Created by Cohen
Figure 1. Map depicting the four founder haplogroups of the Americas. The black square roughly designates Belize, while migration routes for haplogroup A, B, C, and D have been marked with red letters. Image retrieved and edited from O’Hare, 2009.
Figure 2. Diagram depicting the location of the Maya remains exhumed from Tipu.Created by Cohen.
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Research MethodsA preserved tooth was taken from the selected skeleton, then ground in the presence of liquid nitrogen (Figure 3)
A DNA extraction protocol was followed according to the GENECLEAN Kit for Ancient DNA
The haplogropus are determined with the use of specific primers in accordance with Gonzalez-Oliver et. al, (2001) and through DNA sequencing
Polymerase Chan Reaction (PCR) samples are prepared as follows: 16 uL of dH2O, 2 uM of forward primer, 2 uM of reverse primer and 100 ng of ancient DNA (aDNA) for a total of 25 uL
Each sample went through the appropriate cycle forty times (Table 1)
Researchers use gel electrophoresis to determine the number of base pairs in each sample.Additionally, sample was digested with restriction enzymes to confirm haplogroups
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Figure 3. Photographs of Maya teeth which provided the ancient mitochondrial DNA. Photos from Coons, 2010.
Research Methods
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ResultsResearchers have determined haplogroups for 25 Maya skeletons (Figure 3) Table 4 shows our results compared to published results
Our results:0% tested for haplogroup A
8% tested for haplogroup B64% tested for haplogroup C 28% tested for haplogroup D
Figure 3. Tipu Mission with haplogroup results of the tested skeletons.
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ResultsOur findings matched most closely to those of Merriweather (1997) (Table 4)
To date, this study suggests that ancestors of Maya individuals who were buried in the Tipu burial site, as shown in Figure 2, migrated on routes associated with either C or D
The ultimate goal of this research is to conduct the largest haplogroup analysis of ancient Maya, and perhaps one of the largest such studies of any ancient/historic group in the New World
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ReferencesAncient Maya from Xcaret, Quintana Roo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 116: 230-235.
Anderson et. Al (1981) Sequence and organization of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature International Journal of Science 457: pp. 457-465.
Coons, Josh. Personal communication: photographs of teeth.
Gonzalez-Oliver, A., et. al. (2001). Founding Amerindian mitochondrial DNA lineages in Ancient Maya from Xcret, Quintana Roo. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 116: 230-235.
Merriweather, D.A, Ferrell, R (1995) The Four Founding Lineage Hypothesis for the New World: A Critical Reevaluation. 241: pp.241-246
Merriweather, D.A., Reed, D., Ferrell, R (1997) Ancient and Contemporary Mitochondrial DNA Variation in the Maya. Bones of the Maya, pp.208-217.
O’Hare, K. (2009) retrieved from http://blog.zap2it.com/kate_ohare/2009/08/. 4/8/2010
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Acknowledgments
The researchers would like to thank Dr. Mark Cohen for granting access to the Maya skeleton collection. The researchers would also like to thank Dr. Nancy Elwess and Mrs. Sandra Latourelle for their patience and guidance. The researcher would also like to thank Josh Coons and AJay Daley Kesler for their time and dedication to this project.
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