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AVINASHBVN13007
MORPHOLOGYOF RED BLOOD
CELL.Erythrocytes
INTRODUCTION:- Red cell morphology can be defined as the
appearance of the erythrocytes on a Giemsa stained smear.
Careful examination of the red cells for the purpose of identifying abnormalities is part of the differential procedure.
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Why? Differentiating normal morphology from
abnormal and artificial morphology. Provide valuable diagnostic information to
the physician, Provide a quality control mechanism to
verify red cell indices values as determined by automated or manual methods.
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How:- Assess RBC morphology by examining the
smear in the feathered (thinner) edge where the RBC are randomly distributed and, for the most part, lie singly, with occasional doublets.
This area is referred to as the "critical area."
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How:- If the area is too thin, the red cells will
appear flat and somewhat square (cobblestone effect) with no central pallor.
If the area examined is too thick, the cells will be too close together to evaluate the morphology of individual cells.
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How To begin the red cell morphology
examination, use the low power (10X) objective to locate the "critical area."
The oil immersion objective (100X) is used for the actual evaluation.
FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY. Like other cells
bounded by cell membrane but Non-Nucleated.
Cytoplasm contains pigmented protein – Haemoglobin
It is Chromoprotein – colour giving protein.
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NORMAL SIZE Diameter – 4.1-7.5 μm Thickness – 2 μm at
periphery & 1 μm at center Surface area – 57-140 μm2
Lowest in Goat
Highest in Man
Volume - 80 μm3 (78-86)
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Diameter of RBC in various species:-
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Species Size (μm)
GOAT 4.1
SHEEP 5.0
CATTLE & HORSE 5.6
PIG 6.2
CAT 6.5
DOG 7.3
MAN 7.5
NORMAL SHAPE Circular, biconcave disc. Advantages of biconcave shape –
Flexible , capillaries minimum diameter – 3.5 μm.
Greater surface area Can withstand changes of osmotic
pressure Allow easy exchange of O2 & CO2 &
rapid diffusion of other substances.
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SHAPE OF RBC ACCORDING TO DIFFERENT SPECIES :- DOG :- Cells are large (7.3microns),uniform in
size and have central pallor (biconcave disc). COW:- Average diameter is 5.6-6 microns .
Red cells may appear flat disc with little or no central depression (no central pallor).
SHEEP:- Average diameter 5.0 microns ,flat disc ,with little central depression
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Cont… CAT:- Cells average 6.5 microns in
diameter ,Shallow concaving ,only very slight central pallor , slight anisocyte (variation in size of RBC) . Up to 1 % of the cells may contain Howell-jolly bodies(nuclear remnants ) .
HORSE:- Erythrocyte have rouleaux formation, Shallow concaving ,Average diameter 5.6 microns ,uniform in size no central pallor .
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CAT HORSE
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Cont… GOAT:- Erythrocyte are the smallest 4
microns and most variables in shape ,very shallow or flate surfaced RBC.
CAMEL :- Erythrocytes normal elliptical in shape and lake of cental depression .
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CAMEL
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Cont… DEER:- Sickle shaped.
POULTRY ( COLD BLOODED ANIMALS):- Amphibians and birds have mature erythrocyte is elliptical cell with an elliptical central nucleus .
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DEER BIRDS
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Erythrocyte Indices
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RED CELL INDICES Mean corpuscular
volume Mean corpuscular
Haemoglobin Mean corpuscular
haemoglobin concentration.
Colour index.
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MEAN CORPUSCULAR VOLUME Average volume of single red blood
cell. MCV = PCV x 10
--------------
RBC count/mm3
= 45X10/5 = 90 μm3
Normal value 78-94 μm3
Decreased in Microcytosis
Increased in Macrocytosis
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MEAN CORPUSCULAR HAEMOGLOBIN
Average weight of haemoglobin in each RBC MCH = Hb gm% X 10
-----------------
RBC count/mm3
= 15X10/5X1012 = 30 pg
normal range – 27-33 pg
Increases – Spherocytosis & megaloblastic anaemia
Decreases - anaemia
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MEAN CORPUSCULAR HAEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION.
Amount of Hb expressed as percentage of the volume of RBC.
MCHC = Hb gm%
------------------- X 100
PCV/100ml
= 15/45 X 100 = 33.3%
Normal value – 30-33%Decreases – Iron deficiency anaemia
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COLOUR INDEX. Ratio of Haemoglobin to RBC
CI = % of normal Hb
---------------------
% of normal RBC count
= 100/100 = 1
Normal range= 0.85-1.15Insignificant
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REFRENCES:- VETERINARY CLINICAL PATHOLOGY
4TH EDITION
EMBERT H. COLES
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Thank You
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