PHTHALATES IN COSMETICS: RISK ON THE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

PHTHALATES IN COSMETICS: RISK ON THE HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT

Adedotun T. ADEOLU

OUTLINE Introduction Cosmetics Phthalates Health Risks Of Phthalates Environmental Risks Of Phthalates How To Avoid Phthalate Exposure Conclusion Recommendation

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INTRODUCTION Ingredients used to make consumer

products (including cosmetics) have come under increased scrutiny for their possible effects on human health and on the environment.

This is in part fueled by the increase in information about the chemicals in consumer products, including cosmetics.

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COSMETICS Cosmetics are care substances used to

enhance the appearance or odour of the human body. They are generally mixtures of chemical compounds, some being derived from natural sources, many being synthetic

It is any substance used to clean, improve or change the complexion of skin, hair, nails or teeth

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COSMETICS INCLUDE: Skin creams

Lotions Bathing soaps shampoo Perfumes Lipsticks Fingernail

polishes

Eye and face make-up products

Permanent waves Hair dyes Deodorants etc

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Different range of cosmetic products

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COMMON INGREDIENTS IN COSMETICS Glycerin Propylene glycol Mineral oil Stearic acid Citric acid Aluminium Chlorhydrate Carbomer Hydroquinone Dimethicone Lead and other metals etc

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PHTHALATES Phthalates refers to a family of

chemical or synthetic compounds that are colourless and odourless liquids.

They are largely used for their ability to make plastics durable, flexible, and transparent.

They are added to personal or cosmetic care products.

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GENERAL GROUPS OF PHTHALATES High Molecular Weight - used to make vinyl

plastic more flexible Low Molecular Weight - are used as solvents

in personal or cosmetic care products

DERIVATIVES OF PHTHALATES ARE dibutyl phthalate (DBP) diethyl phthalate (DEP) dimethyl phthalate (DMP) di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP)

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CHEMICAL FORMULA OF PHTHALATES

Phthalates are esters of phthalic acid.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/phthalate

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WHY THE PHTHALATES Manufacturers use phthalates

because they adhere to the skin and nails to give body lotions, perfumes, hair gels, nail polishes and some other products more staying power.

They are used as binding agent for the cosmetic product’s colour and scent.

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ROUTES OF ENTRY

IngestionMouth, breast milk

Inhalationlungs

Absorptionskin

Placenta transfer

cord blood

WHY PHTHALATES ARE A CONCERNGenerally, some consumers;

assume that cosmetic products are safe and pose no risk to the human health.

do not read the label to identify the ingredients and other useful information of the cosmetic products before they decide to use them.

show no concerns about the effect of usage of products to their skin but focus on the immediate result of skin appearance rather than the long-term effects to the whole body.

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WHY PHTHALATES ARE A CONCERN CONT’D

may not find any mention of phthalates as ingredients in the labels of their favourite personal care products.

Instead, the ingredient “fragrance” collectively includes phthalates.

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HEALTH EFFECTS

There are numerous factors relating to the amount of phthalates or other cosmetic toxins that get into the body and cause health issues. These include:

• how many phthalates are in the product(s) being used,

• frequency of use • how much bare skin is exposed• whether or not the person is an adult or child

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HEALTH RISKS

Carcinogenicity

Teratogenicity

Hepatotoxicity

Endocrine Effects (endocrine disruptors)

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WHAT ARE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS

An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse health effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub)populations (Weybridge, 1996).

Often act by mimicking or antagonizing the actions of naturally occurring hormones.

Studies have shown that they are found in many household and industrial products (WHO, 2013).

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CARCINOGENICITY

There is an association between phthalate exposure and endocrine disruption leading to development of breast cancer (Lopez-Carrillo,2010).

Endocrine disruptors have also been linked with: Ovarian cancer Prostate cancer Testicular cancer

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TERATOGENICITYo Certain types of phthalates are known to

cause serious reproductive harm or birth defects.

o Phthalate exposure was shown to be linked with decreased anogenital distance among baby boys.

o Boys born to mothers with the highest level of phthalates were seven times more likely to have shortened anogenital distance (Swan et al, 2005).

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TERATOGENICITY

ANOGENITAL DISTANCE (AGD) Is the distance from the anus to the

genitalia and is considered medically significant in both humans and animals.

Such endocrine disruptions may affect the development of the brain.

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TERATOGENICITY

Numerous studies have linked phthalates with poor semen quality, abnormalities in genital development, and changes in reproductive hormone levels (Blount et al., 2000).

In addition, exposure to phthalates can cause and/or precipitate asthma and allergic symptoms.

In adult men, phthalates have been linked to greater waist circumference and higher insulin resistance, a common precursor to type 2 (adult onset) diabetes and thyroid irregularities

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A Puerto Rican study linked phthalate exposure in human girls to premature breast development, a symptom of early puberty (Colon et al., 2000).

Early puberty in girls is a growing problem in the United States and around the world.

Exposure to phthalates may be linked with childhood obesity.

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RISKS OF EARLY PUBERTY

Menstrual and fertility problemsStunted growthLesser brain developmentDepression, anxiety and stressSexual harassmentCancer

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS There has been growing interest in the unusual

ubiquity of phthalates in the environment and their wide range of toxicological characteristics (Fatoki and Vernon, 1990; Fatoki and Ogunfowokan, 1993).

”To provide flexibility, phthalate esters are not chemically bonded to resin and therefore are easily released” (Yuan et al., 2008).

Since phthalates are not chemically bound to the plastic materials, they can leach out, migrate or evaporate into the air or into foodstuffs. 25

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ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS CONT’D Industries that produce phthalates –

containing products release the effluents into water bodies thereby polluting and causing harm to aquatic organisms.

Phthalate has also been implicated as a soil contaminant, it increased levels of phthalate esters in the soil, poses risks to public health, plants and animals, and even agriculture.

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HOW TO AVOID PHTHALATES EXPOSURE Avoid Plastic items labelled with the Type 3

Recycling Code. Type 3 is the label for PVC.

Read Ingredients Labels on Personal Care Products. If the word phthalate is included in the name of any ingredients, avoid the product.

Other terms that often refer to phthalates include: plasticizer, fragrance, parfum.

Do not install vinyl flooring in your home, as this may contain phthalates. 27

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GREEN COSMETICS

The use of cornerstone ingredients from Africa such as shea butter, baobab, cape chestnut oil, seaweeds, cucumber, pure honey and others

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GREEN COSMETICS

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CONCLUSION We want to look great on the outside,

but we also have to educate ourselves when we're applying any type of cosmetics, about what we're doing not only to our skin, but internally.

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RECOMMENDATIONS Consumer must ensure that they purchase

only labelled cosmetic products with safety information on it.

The labelling should contain the function of the cosmetic product, instruction for use, list of all ingredients, country of manufacture, content (weight/volume), batch number, and manufacturing and expiry dates.

Consumers should beware and do their research before buying any cosmetic product. 32

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REFERENCES• Blount BC, Milgram KE, Silva MJ, et al. Quantitative detection of eight phthalate

metabolites in human urine using HPLC-APCI-MS/MS. Anal Chem, 2000; 72: 4127-4134.

• Colón, I, D Caro, CJ Bourdony and O Rosario. 2000. Identification of Phthalate Esters in the Serum of Young Puerto Rican Girls with Premature Breast Development. Environmental Health Perspectives 108:895-900

• Ogunfowokan AO, Torto N, Adenuga AA, Okoh EK (2006): Levels of phthalate ester plasticizers in a sewage lagoon effluent and a receiving stream Environ Monit Assess. 118(1 – 3) :457 – 80

• López-Carrillo and Raymond, D J (2010): Retrieval of typhoon wind fields from Doppler radar and dropsonde data using an efficient 2-step approach. In 29th Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology.

• Fatoki and Ogunfowokan (1993). Determination of phthalate ester plasticizers in the aquatic environment of southwestern NigeriaEnvironment international 19 (6), 619-623

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REFERENCES

• Swan, S.H., et al., 2005. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 113, 1056–1061.

• UNEP, WHO (2013) “Joint Study Report on State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals”, 19 February

• Weybridge (1996). European Workshop on the Impact of Endocrine Disrupters on Human Health and Wildlife: 2-4 December 1996, Weybridge, UK. Report of Proceedings.

• Yuan Y, et al. (2008) Partial mixture model for tight clustering of gene expression time-course. BMC Bioinformatics 9:287 34

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Adedotun T. ADEOLU