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Pharmacology antimicrobials flash cards
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Penicillin Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
Ampicillin Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of petidoglycan cross-linking
Ticarcillin Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
Piperacillin Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
Imipenem Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
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Aztreonam Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
Cephalosporins Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
Bacitracin Mechanism of Action: Block peptidoglycan synthesis
Vancomycin Mechanism of Action: Block peptidoglycan synthesis
Chloramphenicol Mechanism of Action: Block Protein synthesis at 50s ribosomal subunit
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Erythromycin/Macrolides Mechanism of Action: Block Protein synthesis at 50s ribosomal subunit
Lincomycin Mechanism of Action: Block Protein synthesis at 50s ribosomal subunit
Clindamycin Mechanism of Action: Block Protein synthesis at 50s ribosomal subunit
Streptogramins (quinupristin,dalfopristin)
Mechanism of Action: Block Protein synthesis at 50s ribosomal subunit
Aminoglygosides Mechanism of Action: Block protein synthesis at 30s ribosomal subunit
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Tetracyclines Mechanism of Action: Block protein synthesis at 30s ribosomal subunit
Quinolones Mechanism of Action: Block DNA topoisomerases
Rifampin Mechanism of Action: Block mRNA synthesis
Polymyxins Mechanism of Action: Disrupt bacterial/fungal cell membranes
Amphotericin B Mechanism of Action: disrupt fungal cell membranes
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Nystatin Mechanism of Action: disrupt fungal cell membranes
fluconazole (azoles) Mechanism of Action: disrupt fungal cell membranes
Pentamidine Mechanism of Action: unknown mechanism of action
Penicillin 2 forms G (IV form) // Penicillin V (oral)
Penicillin (mechanism of action)1. Binds penicillin-binding proteins 2. Blocks
transpeptidase cross-linking of cell wall 3. Activates autolytic enzymes
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Penicillin (clinical use) bactericidal for G+ cocci, G+ rods, G- cooci, and spirochetes. Not penicillinase resistant
Penicillin (toxicity hypersensitivity reactions, hemolytic anemia
Methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillinsame mechanism of action as penicillin. Narrow spectrum; Penicillinase resistant due to bulkier R
group
Methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin clinical use --> treat staph aureus
Methicillin (toxicity) interstitial nephritis
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methicilin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin (toxicity)
hypersensitivity reactions
Ampicillin, Amoxicillin Same mechanism of action as penicillin. Wider spectrum; penicillinase sensitive
What can you combine w/ ampicillin or amoxicillin to enhance spectrum
clavulanic acid (penicillinase inhibitor)
remember amOxicillin has greater Oral bioavailability than ampicillin
Ampicillin, amoxicillin (clinical use)
ampicillin / amoxicillin HELPS kill enterococci (Haemophilus influenzae, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella,
enterococci)
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Ampicillin, amoxicillin (toxicity) Hypersensitivity reactions; ampicillin rash; pseudomembranous colitis
Carbenicillin, Piperacillin, ticarcillin
Same mechanism of action as penicillin; extended spectrum - pseudomonas species and G- rods;
susceptible to penicillinase; use w/ clavulanic acid; can cause hypersensitivity reaction
Cephalosporins (mechanism of action)
beta lactam drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis but are less susceptible to penicillinases; bactericidal
1st gen cephalosporin G+ cocci, PEcK (Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
2nd gen cephalosporinG+ cocci, HEN PEcKS (Haemophilus influenze,
Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria species, Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia
marcescens
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3rd Generation cephalosporin serious G- infections resistant to other Beta lactams; meningitis (most penetrate BBB)
Pseudomonas ceftazidime (3rd gen ceph)
Gonorrhea Ceftriaxone (3rd Gen ceph)
4th gen cephalosporin increased activity against pseudomonas G+ organisms
Cephalosporin toxicityhypersensitivity, increased nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides, disulfiram-like reactions w/
ethanol
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AztreonamA monobactam resistant to Beta lactamases. Inhibits cell wall synthesis - synergistic w/ aminoglycosides /
no cross-alergenicity w/ penicillins
Aztreonam (clinical use)
G- rods (klebsiella species, Pseudomonas species, Serratia species) // no activity against anaerobes. // used for penicillin-allergic patients and those w/
renal insufficiency who can't tolerate aminoglycosides / usually nontoxic - can cause GI
upset
Imipenem / cilastatinBroad-spectrum, beta lactamase-resistant / always given w/ cilastatin (inhibits renal dihydropeptidase 1 --> decrease imipenem inactivation in renal tubules)
Imipenem / Cilastatin (clinical use) G+ cocci, G- rods, and anaerobes
DOC for enterobacter imipenem / cilastatin
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Imipenem / cilastatin (toxicity GI distress, skin rash, and CNS toxicity (seizures) at high plasma levels
Vancomycin (mechanism of action)
inhibits cell wall mucopeptide formation by binding D-ala D-ala portion of cell wall precursors / Bactericidal / resistance occurs w/ amino acid
change of D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac
Vancomycin (clinical use)used for serious, G+ multidrug-resistant organisms. including staph aureus and Clostridium difficile
(pseudomembranous colitits)
Vancomycin tocicityNOT - Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, and
Thrombophlebitis, diffuse flushing -->"red man syndrome" (can prevent w/ pretreatment w/ antihistamines and slow infusion rate)
Aminoglycosides (streptomycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin) / bactericidal
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Tetracyclines bacteriostatic
30S protein synthesis inhibitors Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
50S protein synthesis inhibitorsCELL / Chloramphenicol, Erythromycin,
Lincomycin, cLindamycin // all are bacteriostatic
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