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- 1. Contraceptive Attitudes among Female College Students Kellie
D. Bryant RN, DNP Associate Professor SUNY Downstate
- 2. Problem: Unintended Pregnancy & Contraception
- 60% of pregnancies are unintended
- Leading causes are lack of contraceptive use and contraceptive
failure
- 53% of unintended pregnancies could have been avoided if women
used contraception
- 3. Highest Teenage Pregnancy Rate
- US (52.1 births/1000 women 15-19 years)
- 2. United Kingdom (30.8 births/1000) second
- Highest teenage births among 28 rich nations.
- 4. Reasons for Lack of Contraceptive Use
-
- Misconceptions about contraceptives
-
- Negative attitude about contraception
-
- Failure to recognize the risk of pregnancy
-
- Inability to communicate with their partner about
contraceptives
-
- Partners disapprove of contraception
-
- Worried about side effects
- 5. Barriers to Contraception
- Cost, substandard health care facilities, childcare issues, and
lack of transportation
- Among Blacks and Hispanics -decreased income, higher rate of
unemployment, decreased level of education, and lack of
insurance
- 6. Purpose of Study
- To examine contraceptive attitudes and demographic
characteristics of contraceptive users among female college
students from three different groups of contraceptive use
- 7. Three Contraceptive Groups
- All the time = Uninterrupted user
- Sometimes = I ntermittent contraceptive user
- Never = Contraceptive nonusers
- 8. Importance of Proposed Study
- Contraceptive use among college students has not been well
examined
- Lack of research on contraceptive use since the development of
newer forms of contraceptives
- 9. Importance of Proposed Study
- Identification of womens attitudes about contraceptives may
help health care providers eliminate some of the barriers and
misconceptions regarding contraceptives.
- Women ages 18-24 have a high rate of unintended pregnancy
rate
- 10. Research Questions and Hypothesizes
- 11. Research Questions
- What are the most commonly used contraceptive methods among
female college students?
- What percentage of female college students are in the 3 groups
of contraceptive users: uninterrupted, intermittent, and
nonusers?
- 12. Research Questions
- What are the most common demographic characteristics among the
3 groups (uninterrupted contraceptive users, intermittent
contraceptive users, & contraceptive nonusers?
- What are the contraceptive attitude scores of female college
students?
- 13. Research Question
- Do contraceptive attitude scores of female college students
vary by race, age, marital status, and socioeconomic status?
- Do contraceptive attitude scores vary among uninterrupted
contraceptive users, intermittent contraceptive users, and
contraceptive nonusers?
- 14. Hypothesis
- 1. Demographic factors associated with uninterrupted
contraceptive use are being married, 24 years of age or older, from
a higher socioeconomic status, and White.
- 15. Hypothesis
- 2. Contraceptive attitude scores will be lowest among females
who are Black or Hispanic, less than 24 years of age, unmarried,
and from lower socioeconomic levels.
- 16. Hypothesis
- 3. Contraceptive attitude scores among uninterrupted
contraceptive users will be higher than among intermittent
contraceptive users and nonusers.
- 17. Methods
- 18. Design
- Quantitative, comparative descriptive design
- Participants categorized by the frequency they use their
preferred contraceptive method: 1) Uninterrupted, 2) Intermittent,
and 3) non use of contraceptives.
- 19. Setting
- University located in a highly diverse area of a large
metropolitan city on the east coast.
- 47% black, 15% Hispanic, 25% white, and 13% Asian
- Average age of an undergraduate student is 24 years
- 20. Sample Criteria
- Inclusion criteria - female college student, between the ages
of 18 to 44, who can read and speak English and has been sexually
active in the past three months
- Exclusion criteria - females older than 44, younger than 18
years of age, and students who do not speak or read English.
- 21. Sample
- Convenience, purposive sample N = 120
- Racial background : Black (45%),
- White (19.2%), Hispanic (14.2%),
- Asian/Pacific Islander (13.3%).
- 22. Sample
- Student income: 65.3 % earned < $19,999
- Marital Status: 12.5% married
- Religion: 63.4% Christian, 11.7% No Religion
- Classified into 3 groups of contraceptive users: 1)
Uninterrupted, 2) Intermittent, 3) Non- user
- 23. Years of College of Participants
- 24. Questionnaire
- The survey consisted of three questionnaires
-
- Contraceptive Attitude Scale
- Survey took approximately 11 minutes to complete
- 25. Results
- 26. RQ 1 Results: Most commonly used contraceptive methods
- The 5 most preferred methods: male condom (48.2%), pill
(22.4%), withdrawal (10.6%), patch (4.7%), and Depo Provera
(4.1%).
- 27. RQ 2: What % are uninterrupted, intermittent and
nonusers
- 28. Research Question #3
- What are the most common demographic characteristics among
uninterrupted contraceptive users, intermittent contraceptive
users, and contraceptive nonusers?
- 29. RQ# 3 Results
- The findings from this study failed to find a relationship
between contraceptive use and race, age, socioeconomic level, years
of education, or religion
- May be due to the homogenous sample of students at the
University.
- 30. Research Question #4
- What are the contraceptive attitude scores of female college
students?
- 31. RQ#4: Results
- The contraceptive attitude scores for the participants in the
study were homogenous.
- Most participants had a positive attitude.
- The mean score for the group was 4.1008 out of 5 with a SD of
0.498.
- 32. Research Question #5
- Do contraceptive attitude scores of female college students
vary by race, age, marital status, and socioeconomic status?
- 33. RQ # 5 Results
- Contraceptive attitude scores did not vary by age, race,
marital status, and socioeconomic status
- 34. Research Question #6
- Do contraceptive attitude scores vary among uninterrupted
contraceptive users, intermittent contraceptive users, and
contraceptive nonusers?
- 35. Results among 3 Contraceptive Groups
- Uninterrupted users scored 0.27 points higher on the
contraceptive attitude scale than intermittent users.
- Uninterrupted users scored 0.45 points higher than
nonusers.
- 36. Contraceptive Attitude Scale
- Students with higher contraceptive attitude scores were more
likely to be consistent contraceptive users.
- 37. Additional Findings
- Blacks were more likely to use condoms.
- Older women less likely to use birth control.
- Whites more likely to use withdrawal method.
- Younger students more likely to use condoms.
- Students with more years of college were more likely to use
birth control .
- 38. Top 5 Reasons for Not using Birth Control
- Worried about side effects
- 39. Woman 35 and Older
- Women 35 & older were less likely to use birth control
- May be due to older woman believing they have a small chance of
becoming pregnant
- May be due to increased fear of side effects due to advanced
age and the misconception that hormonal methods may negatively
affect their health.
- 40. Younger Woman and Condoms
- Increased condom use was among younger woman.
- May be contributed to younger woman being less likely to be
married or in a long term monogamous relationship.
- Younger woman to be more likely to use condoms due to concerns
about protection against sexually transmitted infections.
- 41. Evidence Based Practice
- 42. What Works???
- Better contraceptive services;
- New methods that are more effective and easier to use;
- Methods with noncontraceptive benefits
- Making methods available without the need to see a doctor
- 43. Evidence Practice to Decrease Unintended Pregnancies
- Women considering birth control should receive detailed
information - both verbal and written
- 44. Information to Discuss with Clients
- Risks and possible side effects
- Non-contraceptive benefits
- The procedure for initiation and removal/discontinuation
- When to seek help while using the method
- 45. Evidence Based Practice
- Adequate time during consultations to address contraceptive and
broader health issues .
- Contraceptive and sexual health services in schools to promote
and provide the planning, delivery, and evaluation of sex and
relationship education.
- 46. Evidence Based Practice
- IUDs , IUS, and implants are more cost effective than the
injectable contraceptives
- Increasing the use of these methods will reduce the number of
unintended pregnancies
- 47. In Reality
- No single intervention will make a measurable difference.
- Providers should concentrate on encouraging correct and
consistent use.
- Frequent follow-up appointments are required .
- 48. The End Questions and Answer