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Neurosurgery
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An Overview of Neurosurgery
andSpina Bifida
Joseph H Piatt, Jr, MD, FAAP
Section
of
Neurosurgery
St Christopher’s
Spina Bifida and Neurosurgery
¶ better CSF shunts¶ better CSF shunt surgery¶ removal of CSF shunts¶ avoidance of CSF shunts¶ Chiari malformation type 2¶ spinal cord complications
St Christopher’s
CSF shunts
¶ 85 – 90% prevalence among MM pts¶ shunt failure: acute or insidious¶ > 1 / 3 fail in first year¶ 5 – 10% infection rate per operation¶ 1 – 2% mortality (!) per failure¶ exacerbation of CM2 / syringomyelia
St Christopher’s
Better CSF Shunts
¶ the Shunt Design Trial¶ Bioglide¶ programmable valves
Orbis-Sigma
differential pressure Delta
St Christopher’s
Better CSF Shunt Surgery
¶ the Endoscopic Shunt Insertion Trial¶ ultrasound¶ image guidance¶ shaveless CSF shunt surgery
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St Christopher’s
Shaveless CSF Shunt Surgery
¶ Horgan MA, Piatt JH Jr. Shaving of the scalp may increase the rate of infection in CSF shunt surgery. Pediatr Neurosurg 1997;26:180-184.
¶ Winston KR. Hair and neurosurgery. Neurosurgery 1992;31:320-329.
St Christopher’s
Removal of CSF Shunts:Endoscopic 3rd Ventriculostomy
¶ If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it.¶ E3V for CSF shunt failure
• urgent• “elective” for slit ventricle
¶ E3V for CSF shunt infection
St Christopher’s
Management of Shunt Failure with E3V
¶ Cinalli G. The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the management of shunt malfunction. Neurosurgery 1998;43:1323-7.
¶ Teo C. Management of hydrocephalus by endoscopic third ventriculostomy in patients with myelomeningocele. Pediatr Neurosurg 1996;25:57-63.
St Christopher’s
Management of Shunt Infection with E3V
¶ Jones R. Third ventriculostomy for shunt infections in children. Neurosurgery 1993;32:855-9.
¶ Fukuhara T. Risk factors for failure of endoscopic third ventriculostomy for obstructive hydrocephalus. Neurosurgery 2000;46:1100-9.
St Christopher’s
Management of “Slit Ventricle Syndrome” with E3V
¶ Baskin J. Ventricular shunt removal: the ultimate treatment of the slit ventricle syndrome. J Neurosurg 1998;88:478-84.
¶ Reddy, K. Slit ventricle syndrome with aqueduct stenosis: third ventriculostomy as definitive treatment. Neurosurgery 1988;23:756-9.
shunts
E3V
St Christopher’s
Avoidance of CSF Shunts:Antenatal MM Repair
¶ Rationale¶ Expected benefit – lower extremities¶ Observations – Chiari ¶ Putative benefit – hydrocephalus¶ Risks and ethical issues
St Christopher’s
Avoidance of CSF Shunts:the MRCT
¶ Vanderbilt, CHoP, UCSF¶ NO repairs outside trial!¶ Endpoint – CSF shunt insertion
• adjudication¶ Secondary endpoints¶ “Freezing” of technology
St Christopher’s
Chiari malformation type 2
¶ posterior fossa too small¶ hindbrain developmentally abnormal¶ medullary dysfunction – infancy
• Compression?
¶ medullary dysfunction – later • CSF shunt failue?
¶ syringomyelia
pf
St Christopher’s
Spinal Complications
¶ syringomyelia / syringobulbia¶ spinal arachnoid cyst¶ diastematomyelia¶ dermoid cyst¶ tethering
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St Christopher’s
Spinal Cord Tethering
¶ progressive neurological deficits¶ pain¶ bladder dysfunction¶ a diagnosis of exclusion¶ surgical risks and benefits
St Christopher’s
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