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parasitology second stage
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University of University of SulaimaniSulaimani
School of ScienceSchool of ScienceDepartment of Department of
BiologyBiology
University of University of SulaimaniSulaimani
School of ScienceSchool of ScienceDepartment of Department of
BiologyBiology
PracticalPractical ParasitologyParasitology22ndnd stage stage
Lab 6 : TrichomoniasisLab 6 : Trichomoniasis
Urogenital Flagellates:Trichomonas vaginalis
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Objectives: Learn to:
• Identify trophozoite stage T.
vaginalis
• Explain methods of diagnosis of T.
vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis
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• Trichomonas vaginalis:• Trichomonas tenax • Trichomonas hominis
•Trichomonads: Generally are non-
pathogenic commensals and only a few
species are of importance in humans.
•Three species of trichomonads infect
humans.
Trichomonas vaginalis
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Trichomonas vaginalis
Trichomoniasis
T vaginalis is shortened to TV. Responsible for one of the most widespread sexually transmitted diseases (STD) worldwideIn the U.S. there are an estimated 3-5 million new cases of ‘trich’ every year with an infected pool of approximately 20 million individuals.
Vaginitis4
Trichomonas vaginalis
FUNGUSCandida albicans
PROTOZOONSTrichomonas vaginalis
BACTERIA- Neisseria gonorrhea- Chlamydia trachomatis- Mycoplasma genitalium- Ureaplasma urealyticum
VIRUSESHerpes Simplex Virus
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Trichomonas vaginalis•Trophozoite is oval in
shape mesuring 10-13 × 8-
10μm
•Five flagella arise near the
anterior portion.
•four of these immediately
extend outside the cell
together
•while the fifth flagellum
wraps backwards
incorporated within the
undulating membrane (UM)
Single form - trophozoite (no cyst form).
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Trichomonas vaginalis• UM is supported by a
slendernoncontractile costa.
•The nucleus is located at its
anterior portion
•Axostyle, A slender and rod-
like structure, arises from the
kinetosome. It protrudes
through the posterior end of
the parasite.
•Parabasal body- This is a
Golgi Body located near the
kinetosome,
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3 species of Trichomonas occur in humans
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Four anterior flagellaFour anterior flagella
The single lateral The single lateral flagellum ( undulating flagellum ( undulating membrane) membrane) 9
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(A) T. vaginalis parasite in broth culture.(B) T. vaginalis on the surface of a vaginal epithelial cell prior to ameboid transformation.(C) Ameboid morphology of T. vaginalis as seen in cell culture.
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Trichomonas vaginalis
G.D.: Cosmopolitan.
Habitat: inhabits in the vagina of women, urethra in both sex, and prostate of men. Disease: Trichomoniasis or
(Vaginitis or cervicitis or Urethritis or prostatitis)
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Definitive host: Human
Transmission:
Trichomonas vaginalis
*Direct contact during sexual intercourse *Rarely infants have been infected at birth.
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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MaleRarely symptomaticOccasionally mild urethritis and/or prostatitis
MaleRarely symptomaticOccasionally mild urethritis and/or prostatitis
Trichomonas vaginalisSymptoms
Trichomonas vaginalisSymptoms
Asymptomatic carriersAsymptomatic carriers
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Trichomonas vaginalisSymptoms
Trichomonas vaginalisSymptoms
WomenOften asymptomaticMild to severe vaginitis in heavy infectionsGenital inflammation, foul-smelling yellow frothy discharge with burning and itching/rednessGrowth of the organism favored by high pH: >5.9 (N=3.5-4.5)
WomenOften asymptomaticMild to severe vaginitis in heavy infectionsGenital inflammation, foul-smelling yellow frothy discharge with burning and itching/rednessGrowth of the organism favored by high pH: >5.9 (N=3.5-4.5)
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10% of them will present with a "strawberry cervix"
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Finding trophozoitesFinding trophozoites
In women: In women: vaginal dischargevaginal discharge
In the male: In the male: urethral urethral discharge , centrifuged urine.discharge , centrifuged urine.
Methods: Methods: wet-mount or culturewet-mount or culture17
ReferencesReferences1. Schmidt GD, & Roberts LS. (2009). Foundations of Parasitology. 8th ed.
McGraw Hill. Boston.2. Gillespie S, & Pearson RD. (2001) Principles and Practice of Clinical
Parasitology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Chichester.3. Mulla, Summaiyaa; et al. (2009). "Sexually transmitted infections and
reproductive tract infections in female sex workers". Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 52 (2):198–9.
4. Mavedzenge, Sue Napierala; et al. (2010). "Epidemiological Synergy of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV in Zimbabwean and South African Women". Sex Transm Dis. 37 (7): 460–6.
5. Schwebke JR, Burgess D. (2004). Trichomoniasis. Clin microbiol rev. 17 (4): 794–803.
6. Ohlemeyer CL, et al. (1998). "Diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis in adolescent females: InPouch TV culture versus wet-mount microscopy. J of adolesc health. 22 (3): 205–8.
7. Sood S, et al. (2007). "InPouch TV culture for detection of Trichomonas vaginalis.". Indian J Med Res. 125: 567–571.
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ReferencesReferences8. Schirm J, et al. (2007). "Trichomonas vaginalis detection using real-time TaqMan PCR". J of
microbiol methods. 68 (2): 243–7.9. Stark JR, et al. (2009). "Prospective Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Prostate
Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Physicians' Health Study". J Natl Cancer Inst. 101(20):1406-11.
10. Hesseltine, H. 1942. Experimental human vaginal trichomoniasis. J. Infect. Dis. 71:127.11. Petrin D, et al. (1998). Clinical and microbiological aspect of Trichomonas vaginalis.
Clinical Microb. (11): 300 – 317.12. Kurth A., et al. (2004). Performance of a new, rapid assay for detection of Trichomonas
vaginalis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42 (7), 2940-2943.13. Nagesha CN, Rama NK. (1998). Clinical and microbiological aspects of vaginitis. Indian J
Med Sci. 52(11):526-32.14. Soper, D (2004). "Trichomoniasis: under control or undercontrolled?". Am J Obstet and
Gynecol. 190 (1): 281–90.14. http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/strous_mary/basic_info.htm 15. http://www.pharmacy-and-drugs.com/Std/Trichomoniasis.html16. http://dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/Trichomoniasis.htm17. http://starcentral.mbl.edu/microscope/portal.php?pagetitle=assetfactsheet&imageid=2294218. http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/364840/view19. http://instruct.uwo.ca/biology/332a/wk2trc.jpg20. http://thunderhouse4-yuri.blogspot.com/2010/09/blog-post.html21. http://www.pharmacy-and-drugs.com/Std/Trichomoniasis.html
Next Lab
First Examination
20
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