Hiv aids epidemiology & trends
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- 1. HIV-AIDS Stemming the Tide of Epidemic Syed Amin Tabish
- 2. What is HIV ? Human Immunodeficiency Virus is the virus that
causes AIDS. HIV harms the body's immune system by attacking
certain kinds of cells, known as helper T cells or CD4 cells, which
are a part of the body's natural line of defense against illness.
As time goes by, HIV destroys so many of these cells that the body
is no longer able to defend itself against certain cancers,
viruses, bacteria, or parasites. If left untreated, HIV can lead to
AIDS and death.
- 3. What is AIDS ? AIDS occurs when an individual's immune
system is weakened by HIV to the point where they develop any
number of diseases or cancers. People who haven't had one of these
diseases or cancers, but whose immune system is shown by a
laboratory test to be severely damaged are also considered to have
progressed to an AIDS diagnosis.
- 4. How HIV is transmitted HIV is spread by: Sexual contact with
an infected person Sharing needles and/or syringes (primarily for
drug injection) with someone who is infected Through transfusions
of infected blood or blood clotting factors. Babies born to
HIV-infected women may become infected before or during birth or
through breastfeeding after birth. In the health care setting,
workers have been infected with HIV after being stuck with needles
containing HIV-infected blood
- 5. The HIV-AIDS Connection AIDS was first recognized in 1981
and has since become a major worldwide pandemic AIDS is caused by
the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) , which was discovered in
1983. By leading to the destruction and/or functional impairment of
cells of the immune system, notably CD4+ T cells, HIV progressively
destroys the body's ability to fight infections and certain
cancers.
- 6. Epidemiology & Trends At the end of 2002, although the
adult prevalence rate in Southeast Asia was a relatively low 0.6%,
approx. 6 million adults and children were living with HIV/AIDS in
the region. An estimated 700,000 adults and children were newly
infected with HIV during 2002 and there were 440,000 AIDS related
deaths. Approximately 36% of infected adults were women.
- 7. HIV Trends In South and Southeast Asia, the major HIV
transmission mode is heterosexual, followed by injecting drug use.
Unsafe blood is also a factor in some areas. Throughout the region,
injecting drug use offers the epidemic huge scope for growth.
- 8. Households HIV is found in varying concentrations or amounts
in blood, semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, saliva, and tears. HIV
does not survive well in the environment, making the possibility of
environmental transmission remote. Although HIV has been
transmitted between family members in a household setting, this
type of transmission is very rare. These transmissions are believed
to have resulted from contact between skin or mucous membranes and
infected blood.
- 9. Risk of transmission of HIV to HCW HIV Percutaneous
Exposure: .05%-0,4% Mucocutaneous Exposue: 0.006-0.05% Hepatitis B
Virus Percutaneous Exposure: 9-30% Hepatitis C Virus Percutaneous
Exposure: 3-10%
- 10. Casual Contact Casual contact through closedmouth or
"social" kissing is not a risk for transmission of HIV. Because of
the potential for contact with blood during "French" or open-mouth
kissing, CDC recommends against engaging in this activity with a
person known to be infected
- 11. Casual Contact - II HIV has been found in saliva and tears
in very low quantities from some AIDS patients. It is important to
understand that finding a small amount of HIV in a body fluid does
not necessarily mean that HIV can be transmitted by that body
fluid. HIV has not been recovered from the sweat of HIV-infected
persons.
- 12. Course of HIV Disease Untreated HIV disease typically
progresses relentlessly in almost all infected persons from
clinically silent infection detectable only by laboratory tests to
severely damaged immunologic function, resulting in AIDS. Without
treatment, the disease progresses over a median interval of about
10 years, although with great individual variation, and eventually
causes death in most, if not all, cases. During the course of HIV
disease, a variety of clinical syndromes may occur.
- 13. AIDS Diagnosis CDC lists numerous opportunistic infections
and cancers that, in the presence of HIV infection, constitute an
AIDS diagnosis. In 1993, CDC expanded the criteria for an AIDS
diagnosis in adults and adolescents to include CD4 + T cell count
at or below 200 cells per microliter in the presence of HIV
infection
- 14. Diagnosing HIV - II Persons living with AIDS often have
infections of the lungs, brain, eyes, and other organs, and
frequently suffer debilitating weight loss, diarrhea, and a type of
cancer called Kaposis Sarcoma.
- 15. Speedometer RNA viral load: up CD4 Cell Count: