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The lecture has been given on Nov. 10th & 22nd, 2010 by Dr. Muhabat Salih Saeid.
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Contraception
Dr.Muhabat Salih Saeid MRCOG
Learning Objectives Recognize common adverse effects
of estrogen and progestin In a patient case be able to provide
a recommendation for symptom management
Identify contraindications to contraceptive options
Contraception Definition Contraception generally implies the
prevention of pregnancy following sexual intercourse by inhibiting viable sperm from coming
into contact with a mature ovum by preventing a fertilized ovum from
successfully implanting in the endometrium.
Commonly used methods Reversible contraception
Oral contraceptives Long acting injectable or implantable
progestins Combined estrogen patch Condoms, spermicides, diaphragms,
withdrawal, periodic abstinence, and IUD’s
Properties of Contraceptive Desired by Patients Highly effective Prolonged duration of action Rapidly reversible Privacy of Use Protection against STD’s Easily accessible
Oral Contraceptives Introduced to the US in 1960 Works through the manipulation of
normal physiologic feedback mechanisms of the menstrual cycle by varying amounts of estrogen and/or progestin.
Proven to be a very effective and popular method of birth control.
The Pill
Advantages Easy to use Dependable No additional appliances Can regulate menstrual flow and
decrease cramps and other symptoms of menses
Missed pills Missed 1 day:ASAP and next pill
at regular time Missed 2 days: 2 when she
remembers, 2 the next day, use back up until her next period
More than 2 days: Restart and use a back up method
Contraindications History of cerebrovascular disease Uncontrolled hypertension DVT or PE Migraines worsened by estrogen Estrogen dependent neoplasm Ischemic heart disease IDDM w/ complications Breast Cancer Impaired liver function Smokers>35y/o
Estrogen Inhibits ovulation by suppressing of
pituitary release of FSH/LH (negative feedback)
Inhibits implantation by altering secretions within the uterus
Accelerates ovum transport Induction of luteolysis: degeneration of
corpus luteum prevents normal implantation and placental attachment
Estrogenic Side Effects Nausea Weight gain Fluid retention Pulmonary emboli Hypertension Thromboembolic complications Stroke Increase in bile cholesterol
Progesterone Inhibits ovulation by disruption of
HPO function and by modification of mid-cycle FSH/LH surge
Inhibits implantation by suppressing the endometrium
Production of thick cervical mucus Prevention of sperm penetration Slows ovum transport
Progestin Side Effects Increased appetite Depression, fatigue, lethargy Acne, oily skin Hirsutism Headache Weight gain Decreased libido Increased LDL, decreased HDL Hypertension
Noncontraceptive benefits Relief from
menstruation-related problems Decreased cramps Decreased
ovulatory pain Decreased
menstrual blood loss
Disease prevention Ovarian and
endometrial cancer Ovarian cysts Ectopic pregnancy Pelvic inflammatory
disease Benign breast
disease
Contraindications History of cerebrovascular disease Uncontrolled hypertension DVT or PE Migraines worsened by estrogen Estrogen dependent neoplasm Ischemic heart disease IDDM w/ complications Breast Cancer Impaired liver function Smokers>35y/o
Transdermal Contraception Ortho Evra
Norelgestromin and Ethinyl Estradiol
Similar to OC’s
Not recommended in patients >198lbs, less effective
Applied every 7 days for 3 weeks followed by patch free week
Convenience, increased compliance
Ortho Evra If a patch comes
off???? <24 hours
Reapply use a new patch
>24 hours apply a new patch use this day as the new
patch change day use a back up method
until 7 consecutive days
Patient Education Similar side effects to
OC’s Same incidence of
drug interactions Apply to abdomen,
buttock, upper outer arm, and upper torso
Back up method should be used until after the first 7 days of consecutive administration
Implants Progestin only (Norplant) Prevents ovulation More effective than the Pill
Implant Advantages
Convenience Eliminate user error No menses or very light Decreased cramping
Implant Problems
• Difficulty in removing
Side effects•Similar to the
pill•Changes in
menstrual bleeding
•Headaches
Side effects•wt. gain•Acne•breast
tenderness•hair growth•ovarian cysts
Implant Contraindications
Liver disease Breast cancer Cardiovascular disease Unexplained vaginal bleeding Pregnant Smokers
Injectable Contraceptives Depo-Provera
Medroxyprogesterone acetate 150mg/ml Progestin only
Inhibits ovulation for 3 months
IM injection 5 days w/in onset of menstrual bleeding and Q12 weeks
Depo-Provera Advantages Highly effective
99.7% Increased compliance Amennorrhea
Reduced risk of anemia Decreased menstrual
cramps/pain No drug interactions
w/ anticonvulsants
Disadvantages Break through
bleeding Weight gain Headache Depression Decreased HDL Risk of ectopic
pregnancy Contraception
reversible in 4-13months
Barrier Methods
The condom Female condom Diaphragm Cervical cap Sponge
IUD Intrauterine device Copper and plastic (Copper T-380A)
10 years Plastic and Progesterone
(progestasert IUD) 1 year 90-96 % effective in use Increased risk of PID
Spermicides Nonoxynol-9 Use in combination with barrier
methods of contraception Foam gel Film Creams, jellies and suppositories
Fertility Awareness Methods Calendar or rhythm method
Midway in cycle Basal body temperature (BBT) method
Increase in body temperature Cervical Mucous Method
Clear slippery mucous Symptothermal method
Combination of BBT and Cervical Mucous methods
Sterilization For Women
Tubal ligations• Cut and seal the fallopian tubes
Hysterectomy• Removal of the uterus
For Men Vasectomy
Vas deferens are cut and sealed
Emergency Contraception Emergency Contraception Pill (ECP) Copper IUD
Emergency Contraception Indications: Unprotected
intercourse Condom
slipped/broke Missed pills
Sexual assault
Preven 50µg EE and
0.25mg levonorgestrel
Plan B 0.75mg
levonorgestrel
Patient Education Prescribing Info. First dose must be
taken within 72 hours of unprotected intercourse
Second dose is 12 hours later
Side Effects Nausea Vomiting Breast Tenderness
Reglan(metoclopramide) 1 hour prior can reduce n/v
Repeat dose if vomiting occurs w/in 1 hr of admin.
Abortion Spontaneous abortion (miscarriages) Induced abortion
Injectable Contraceptives Depo-Provera
Medroxyprogesterone acetate 150mg/ml Progestin only
Inhibits ovulation for 3 months
IM injection 5 days w/in onset of menstrual bleeding and Q12 weeks
Depo-Provera Advantages Highly effective
99.7% Increased compliance Amennorrhea
Reduced risk of anemia Decreased menstrual
cramps/pain No drug interactions
w/ anticonvulsants
Disadvantages Break through
bleeding Weight gain Headache Depression Decreased HDL Risk of ectopic
pregnancy Contraception
reversible in 4-13months
Implantable Contraception Norplant Subdermal progestin implant 6 implantable capsules filled
w/ levonorgestrol Requires physician
administration Effective for 5 years Every 3 yrs for women
weighing >154lbs
Norplant Advantages Convenience Highly effective Decreased
menstrual cramps Fertility rapidly
returns
Disadvantages Irregular period Headache Depression Weight gain Pain/itching @ site Site infection Ectopic pregnancy Removal difficulties
TTTTT
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