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UPH – Dr. Jose G. Tamayo Medical UniversityDEPARTMENT OF OBSTETRICS &
GYNECOLOGY
OB-GYNE CASEPRESENTATION
ABEGAIL M. ATIENZAOB-GYNE CLERK
GENERALDATA
single
G3P2 (1112)
26y/o
Filipino
Catholic
Admitted for the first time onJuly 11, 2013 at 10:36 AM
CHIEFCOMPLAINT
VaginalBleeding
Residing at Pacita, Laguna
(-) Diabetes Mellitus(-) Hypertension(-) Previous hospitalization(-) Previous surgical operation
PAST MEDICAL HISTORY
(+) Bronchial Asthma, Mild Intermittent
Last Attack: 12 years old
(+) Hypertension –Both Parents(-) Diabetes Mellitus(-) Asthma(-) Cancer(-) Pulmonary Tuberculosis
FAMILY HISTORY
(+) waitress(+) single(+) living in with a 27 year old laborer
PERSONAL & SOCIAL HISTORY
(-) smoker(-) alcoholic drinker(-) allergy to food/drugs
M
MENSTRUAL HISTORY
12 years old, lasting for 5 daysI 28-30 days interval
D 5 days duration
A 3-4 regular napkin pads/day, fully-soakedS (-) dysmenorrhea
(+) 1st coitus at 18 years old(+) with single partner
SEXUAL HISTORY
(-) post-coital bleeding(-) dyspareunia
(-) history of contraceptive use
CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY
GYNECOLOGICAL HISTORY
(-) leukorrhea(-) vaginal pruritus(-) pap smear
OB Score: G3P2 (1112)
OBSTETRICAL HISTORY
G1 2007 Live baby boy Premature10days incubated
7 lbs. Family Care Hospital
G2 2009 Live baby girl Normal spontaneous delivery
6 lbs. Gavino Alvarez Lying In
G3 2013 Present pregnancy
LMP: April 15, 2013 PMP: March 2013 AOG: 12 3/7 weeks AOG by LMP EDC: January 20, 2014
5 Weeks amenorrhea (+) Pregnancy Test 1st prenatal check up at a
health center Urinalysis done - revealed
normal result Given Ferrous Sulfate and
Multivitamins Lost to follow up
PRE-NATAL HISTORY
3 DAYS PTA
Vaginal Bleeding
consuming 3 fully-soaked regular napkin pads
with episodes of blood clots
NO MEDICATIONS TAKEN.NO CONSULTATION DONE.
• Vaginal bleeding• Consuming 1 fully-soaked
regular napkin pad
• sought consult at the ER• advised for admission
1 DAY PTA(JULY 10, 2013)
ADMITTED
REVIEW OF SYSTEMSCNS: (-) loss of consciousness, (-) headache,
(-) dizzinessCVS: (-) chest pain, (-) palpitation,(-) easy fatigabilityRESP: (-) dyspnea, (-) cough/colds, (-) wheezingGIT: (-) vomiting, (-) nausea (-) heartburn, (-) diarrhea/constipationGUT: (-) dysuria, (-) polyuria, (-) hematuriaHEMA: (-) bleeding tendencies,(-) easy bruisabilityMS: (-) limitation of movements
PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONGeneral Survey: conscious, coherent, ambulatory, agitated and
not in cardiorespiratory distress.Vital Signs: BP: 120/80 mmHg RR: 19 cpm
HR: 80 bpm Temp.: 36.70CSkin: warm to touch, good skin turgor, no pallor, no jaundiceHEENT/Neck:
Eyes: anicteric sclerae, pink palpebral conjuctivaeEars: no mass, no tenderness, no dischargeNose: (-) nasal flaring, (-) nasoaural dischargeMouth: moist lips & oral mucosa, (-) tonsilopharyngeal congestionNeck: (-) cervical lymphadenopathy
Chest/Lungs: symmetrical expansion, (-) retractions, clear breath soundsHeart: adynamic precordium, regular rate and rhythm, no murmurAbdomen: flabby, normoactive bowel sounds, non-tenderExtremities: grossly normal, full and equal pulses, CRT <2 sec.
Pelvic ExaminationI: parous introitus
SE: cervix violaceous, smooth, (+) placental tissues plugging per os
IE: cervix open, uterus at 12 weeks size, (-) bilateral adnexal mass and tenderness, (-) cervical motion tenderness
ADMITTING DIAGNOSISG3P2 (1112) Incomplete Abortion
12 3/7 weeks AOGNon-Septic, Non-Induced
Anemia secondary to Acute Blood Loss
• Incomplete Abortion = cervical os open
• Non septic non induced= no intake of abortifacient
• Anemia secondary to Acute blood loss= vaginal bleedingHgb threshold1 g/dL = 0.6206 mmol/L
Hb threshold (g/dl)11.0
Hb threshold (mmol/l)6.8
BASIS FOR DIAGNOSIS
Chief Complaint of VAGINAL BLEEDING
SALIENT FEATURES
Pelvic Exam: cervical os open, (+) placental tissues plugging per os
Uterus at 12 weeks size
3 days history of vaginal bleeding, consuming 3 fully-soaked regular napkin pads
No medications taken
26 y/o G3P2(1112)
LMP: April 15, 2013 AOG: 12 3/7 weeks (+) pregnancy test at
5 weeks amenorrhea Irregular pre-natal
check-up (lost to follow-up)
No abortifacients taken
Incomplete Abortion
Ectopic Pregnancy Hydatidiform Mole Threatened Abortion Inevitable Abortion Complete Abortion
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
ECTOPIC PREGNANCYRule In: 5 weeks amenorrhea Vaginal bleeding Positive Pregnancy Test Usually occurs <28 weeks AOG Presence of gestational sac in TV-UTZ
Rule Out: No abdominal pain noted (usually
hypogastric, colicky in character) No palpable adnexal mass (-) Wiggling tenderness or cervical
motion tenderness
HYDATIDIFORM MOLERule In: (+) Pregnancy Test Vaginal bleeding Absence of fetal heart tones upon
doppler ultrasound
Rule Out: Uterus inconsistent with gestational
age No hyperemesis No increased BP and proteinuria (Pre-
eclampsia) Sandstorm appearance in UTZ
Ectopic Pregnancy
• implantation of a fertilized egg in a location outside of the uterine cavity, including the ff:– fallopian tubes (approximately 97.7%),– cervix, ovary,– cornual region of the uterus,– abdominal cavity.– Of tubal pregnancies, the ampulla is the most
common site of implantation (80%), followed by the isthmus (12%), fimbria (5%), cornua (2%), and interstitia (2-3%).
Hydatidiform Mole
• a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of a pregnancy
• a type gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) A cancerous form of GTD is called choriocarcinoma.
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
THREATENED ABORTIONRule In: (+) Pregnancy Test Vaginal bleeding (-) Uterine contraction
Rule Out: Usually presents with
closed cervix (-) Uterine size
compatible with gestational age
(-) Intact bag of water FHT was no longer
appreciated
INEVITABLE ABORTIONRule In: Vaginal bleeding Open cervical os Uterine size is
incompatible with gestational age
Rule Out: (-) Uterine
Contraction Bag of water is usually
ruptured but BOW in this case was not appreciated
No FHT
COMPLETE ABORTIONRule In: No uterine contraction
noted Vaginal bleeding Uterine size
incompatible with gestational age
BOW not appreciated
Rule Out: Absent signs of
pregnancy Closed cervical os
INCOMPLETE ABORTION
RULE IN
5 weeks amenorrhea Positive Pregnancy Test No uterine contraction 3 day history of vaginal bleeding Open cervical os Uterine size incompatible with
gestational age Bag of water not appreciated Retained tissues characterized as
“meaty material”
BACKGROUND
Internal cervical os opens and allows passage of blood
Fetus and placenta may remain entirely in utero or may partially extrude through the dilated os
Vaginal bleeding Absence of fetal heart tones
upon doppler ultrasound Bleeding ensues when the
placenta, in whole or in part, detaches from the uterus
ABO and RH Typing:“O” Rh (D) Positive
HBSAg Screening :Non Reactive
LABORATORY WORK-UPS
CBC with Platelet Count
LABORATORY WORK-UPS
WBC: 15.4 RBC: 1.77 RDW: 12.5
Neutrophils: 12.2 HGB: 85 MCV: 98.9
Lymphocyte: 15.6% Hct: .175 MCH: 32.3
Monocytes: 4.41% Eosinophils: .282% MCHC: 327.
Basophils: .705% Platelet: 473
S O A P
Stable vital signs(+) palmar pallor(+) pale palpebral
conjunctiva
conscious, coherent, not in cardio respiratory distressanicteric sclera
pale palpebral conjuctiva no tonsillopharyngeal congestion no cervicolymphadenopathy no nasoaural discharge clear breath sounds, symmetrical chest
expansion no retractions adynamic precordium normal rate regular rhythm no murmurs Flat, soft, nontender grossly normal extremities no cyanosis no edema full and equal pulses
G3P2 (1112) Incomplete Abortion 12 3/7weeks AOGby uterine size, Non septic non inducedCompletion curettage under GA-IV, Anemia secondary to Acute blood loss on going correction awaits histopath
Diet on NPO IVF: D5LR 1L x 8hours BT line: PNSS 1LxKVO CBCwith platelet and
Urinalysis HBSAg and Bloodtyping
done
Medications:
Ceftriaxone 1amp IV ()ANST Diphenhydramine 1 amp IV
prior to BT BT of 2units PRBC properly
typed and crossmatched
COURSE IN THE WARD
UPON ADMISSION
Internal Examination:OpenUterus slightly enlargedMinimal bleeding per osWith blood clotsNo adnexal mass
COURSE IN THE WARD
Intraoperative Findings:Obtained 1 tablespoon of
placental tissues admixed with blood
Non friable Non foul smelling Estimated blood loss
approximately 80cc
COURSE IN THE WARD
S O A P
Stable vital signsNot yet voiding
freelyPost BT of 2 ‘u’ PRBC
done
conscious, coherent, not in cardio respiratory distressanicteric sclera
pale palpebral conjuctiva no tonsillopharyngeal congestion no cervicolymphadenopathy no nasoaural discharge clear breath sounds, symmetrical chest
expansion no retractions adynamic precordium normal rate regular rhythm no murmurs Flat, soft, nontender grossly normal extremities no cyanosis no edema full and equal pulses
G3P2 (1112) Incomplete Abortion 12 3/7weeks AOGby uterine size, Non septic non inducedCompletion curettage under GA-IV, Anemia secondary to Acute blood loss on going correction awaits histopath
Post curettage medications:
Cefuroxime 500mg / tab 1 tab BID
Mefenamic Acid 500mg tab q12 x 7days
Patient placed on moderate high back rest
Oral fluid intake was increased
COURSE IN THE WARD
2 HOURS POST-CURETTAGE
S O A P
Stable vital signsvoiding freelyScanty vaginal
bleedingNo hypogastric
pain
conscious, coherent, not in cardio respiratory distressanicteric sclera
pale palpebral conjuctiva no tonsillopharyngeal congestion no cervicolymphadenopathy no nasoaural discharge clear breath sounds, symmetrical chest
expansion no retractions adynamic precordium normal rate regular rhythm no murmurs Flat, soft, nontender grossly normal extremities no cyanosis no edema full and equal pulses
G3P2 (1112) Incomplete Abortion 12 3/7weeks AOGby uterine size, Non septic non inducedCompletion curettage under GA-IV, Anemia secondary to Acute blood loss on going correction awaits histopath
Diet was Regular diet IVF: D5LR 1L x 8hours H&H repeated 10 hrs
post BT Vital signs monitored
every 4 hoursOral medications: Cefuroxime 500mg tab 1
tab BID Mefenamic acid 500mg
cap 1 cap TIDHOME MEDICATIONS:
COURSE IN THE WARD
1ST HOSPITAL DAY
FIRST HOSPITAL DAY• Results were normal and advised to go
home
• HOME MEDICATIONS: Cefuroxime500mg / tab 1 tab BID
Mefenamic Acid 500mg tab q12 x 7days
COURSE IN THE WARD
G3P2 (1112) Incomplete Abortion 12 3/7weeks AOG; Non-septic, Non- induced; Anemia secondary to Acute blood loss on going correction awaits histopathology results
FINAL DIAGNOSIS
ABORTION
Discussion
a·bort (-bôrt) To terminate (a pregnancy) To cause by expulsion (an embryo or fetus) To miscarry (an embryo or fetus)
Abortus- a fetus or embryo removed or expelled from the uterus during the first half of gestation—20 weeks or less—and weighing less than 500 g.
WHAT IS ABORTION?
Spontaneous Abortion• Abortion occurring without medical or
mechanical means to empty the uterus
Induced Abortion• the medical or surgical termination of
pregnancy before the time of fetal viability
TYPES OF ABORTION
• Increases with parity• Associated with paternal and
maternal age• Incidence of abortion increases if a
woman conceives within 3 months following a term birth
RISK FACTORS
• More than 80 percent of abortions occur in the first 12 weeks of pregnancy
• Half result from chromosomal anomalies• After the first trimester
both the abortion rate and the incidence of chromosomal anomalies decrease.
ETIOLOGY
Abnormal Zygotic DevelopmentAneuploid Abortion • Abnormal number of chromosomes50-60% of embryos and early fetusesthat are spontaneously aborted contain chromosomal abnormalities, accounting for most of early pregnancyEuploid Abortion• Abnormal development w/a normal
chromosomal complement• incidence increase dramatically after age of 35
FETAL FACTORS
InfectionsChronic Debilitating DiseasesNutritionDrug Use and Environmental FactorsImmunological FactorsInherited ThrombophiliaUterine DefectsIncompetent Cervix
MATERNAL FACTORS
Infections Uncommon causes of abortion in human:
Listeria monocytogenes Clamydia trachomatisMycoplasma hominis Ureaplasma urealyticumToxoplasma gondii
MATERNAL FACTORS
Chronic debilitating diseases• In early pregnancy, fetuses seldom abort
secondary to chronic wasting disease such as tuberculosis or carcinomatosis
• Celiac sprue
MATERNAL FACTORS
Endocrine abnormalitiesHypothyroidism • Iodine deficiency associated with excessive
miscarriages• Thyroid autoantibodies → incidence of abortion↑Diabetes mellitus• The rates of spontaneous abortion & major
congenital malformations• Poor glucose control → incidence of abortion↑Progesterone deficiency• Luteal phase defect• Insufficient progesterone secretion by the corpus
luteum or placenta• Poor glucose control → incidence of abortion↑
MATERNAL FACTORS
NutritionDietary deficiency of any one nutrients → not important cause
Drug use and environmental factorTobacco
↑ Risk for euploid abortion More than 14 cigarettes a day → the risk twofold greater ↑
AlcoholSpontaneous abortion & fetal anomalies → result from frequent alcohol use during the first 8 weeks of pregnancyDrinking twice a week → abortion rates doubled ↑Drinking daily → abortion rates tripled ↑
CaffeineAt least 5 cups of coffee per day → slightly increased risk of abortion
MATERNAL FACTORS
Drug use and environmental factorRadiation
In sufficient doses → abortifacientContraceptives
When intrauterine devices fail to prevent pregnancy → abortion↑
Environmental toxinsAnesthetic gases : exact fetal risk of chronic maternal exposure is unknownArsenic, lead, formaldehyde, benzene, ethylene oxide → abortifacientVideo display terminal & accompanying electromagnetic fields *short waves & ultrasound do not increase the risk of abortion
MATERNAL FACTORS
• abnormalities in sperm have been associated with abortion
PATERNAL FACTORS
• Hemorrhage into the decidua basalis, followed by necrosis of tissues adjacent to the bleeding
PATHOLOGY
Early Abortion• Ovum detaches , stimulating uterine
contractions that results in expulsion• When Gestational sac is opened, fluid is
commonly found surrounding a small macerated fetus, or alternatively no fetus is visible—the so-called blighted ovum.
PATHOLOGY
Late Abortion• The retained fetus may undergo
maceration, in which the skull bones collapse, the abdomen distends with blood-stained fluid, and the internal organs degenerate
• fetus compressus, fetus papyraceous
PATHOLOGY
Threatened Abortion Inevitable Abortion Complete and
Incomplete Abortion Missed Abortion
CATEGORIES OF ABORTION
Symptoms Usually bleeding begins firstCramping abdominal pain follows a few hours to several days laterPresence of bleeding & pain
→ Poor prognosis for pregnancy continuation
Treatment Bed rest & acetaminophen-based analgesia Progesterone (IM) or synthetic progestational agent (PO or IM)D-negative women with threatened abortion
Probably should receive anti-D immunoglobulin
Threatened Abortion
Treatment after death of conceptus
Uterus should be emptied → examination of all passed tissue whether the abortion is complete
Threatened Abortion
Gross rupture of membrane, evidenced by leaking amnionic fluid, in the presence of cervical dilatation, but no tissue passed during 1st half of pregnancy
Placenta (in whole or in part) is retained in the uterus → Uterine contractions begin promptly or infection develops
The gush of fluid is accompanied by bleeding, pain, or fever, abortion should be considered inevitable
Inevitable Abortion
Complete abortion Following complete detachment & expulsion of the conceptusThe internal cervical os closes
Incomplete abortionExpulsion of some but not all of the products of conception during 1st half of pregnancyThe internal cervical os remains open & allows passage of blood→ Remove retained tissue without delay
Complete & Incomplete Abortion
Definition: Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortionsClinical investigation of recurrent miscarriage
Parental cytogenetic analysisLupus anticoagulant & anticardiolipin antibodies assays
Postconceptional evaluationSerial monitoring of ß–hCG from missed mens period
ß–hCG>1500mIU/ml → USGMaternal serum α-fetoprotein assessment (GA16-18wks)Amniocentesis → fetal karyotype
Recurrent Abortion
• nonviable intrauterine pregnancy that has been retained within the uterus without spontaneous abortion
• Typically, no symptoms exist besides amenorrhea
• Patient finds out that the pregnancy stopped developing earlier when a fetal heartbeat is not observed or heard at the appropriate time
Missed Abortion
• Early pregnancy appears to be normal• After fetal death, there may or may not be
vaginal bleeding or other symptoms of threatened abortion
• Uterus becomes gradually smaller
Missed Abortion
• No increase in fundic height• Absence of FHT• Regression of changes in pregnancy• Loss of weight
Missed Abortion
• Many women have no symptoms except persistent amenorrhea
• Uterus remain stationary in size, but mammary changes usually regress → uterus become smaller
• Most terminates spontaneously• Serious coagulation defect occasionally
develop after prolonged retention of fetus
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND• Absence of any growth of the gestational
sac or fetal pole over a 5-day period of observation.
• Gestational sac larger than 12 mm mean diameter (around 5 weeks 5 days) without visual evidence of a yolk sac.
DIAGNOSTICS
• TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND Absence of a visible fetal heartbeat when
the crown-rump length (CRL) is greater than 5 mm.
Yolk sac larger than 6 mm diameter Yolk sac that is abnormally shaped or
echogenic (sono dense rather than the normal sono lucent).
No fetal cardiac activity
DIAGNOSTICS
DIAGNOSTICS
• DILATATION ANG CURETTAGEDilatation and curettage
Hygroscopic dilators : swell slowly & dilate cervix → cervical trauma can be minimizedLaminaria tents : stem of brown seaweed ( Laminaria digitata or japonica)
→ drawing water from proteoglycan complexes of cervix → dissociation allow the cervix to soften & dilate
Insertion technique : tip rests just at the level of internal osUsually after 4-6hours, laminaria dilate the cervix sufficiently to allow easier mechanical dilation & curettageMay cause cramping pain → easily managed with 60 mg codeine every 3-4 hours
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• DILATATION ANG CURETTAGETechnique for dilatation & curettage
Remove laminaria → Uterus is sounded carefully to
Identify the status of the internal os
Confirm uterus size & position
Further dilation of cervix with Hegar dilator
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Pathology results from specimen sent from an early pregnancy should reveal chorionic villi.
HISTOLOGIC FINDINGS
Complications : uterine perforation2 important determinants
Skill of the physicianPosition of the uterus (retroverted)
• Small defects by uterine sound or narrow dilator→ often heal without complication
• Suction & sharp curettage → Considerable intra-abdominal damage risk↑→ Laparotomy to examine abdominal content (safest action)
• Other complications – cervical incompetence or uterine synechiae
SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• MIFEPRISTONE- anti- progestin• METHOTREXATE- anti- metabolite• MISOPROSTOL- PG E1
• These agents increases uterine contractility• MOA: reversing the progesterone-induced
inhibition of contractions• stimulating the myometrium directly
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
OxytocinSuccessful induction of 2nd trimester abortion is possible with high doses of oxytocin administered in small volumes of IV fluids
Satisfactory alternatives to PG E2 for midtrimester abortion
Laminaria tents inserted the night beforeChance of successful induction is greatly enhanced
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
ProstaglandinsUsed extensively to terminate pregnancies, especially in the 2nd T
PG E1, E2, F2αTechnique: Can act effectively on the cervix & uterus (86~95% effectiveness)
Vaginal prostaglandin E2 suppository & prostaglandin E1 (misoprostol)As a gel through a catheter into the cervical canal & lowermost uterusInjection into the amnionic sac by amniocentesisParenteral injectionOral ingestion
MEDICAL MANAGEMENT
TypesUterine
contraction Bleeding Cervical dilatation
Uterine size vs.
gestation BOWOther
findings
Threatened +/- +/- Closed Compatible Intact (+)FHT
Imminent ++ + Open Compatible Intact (+)FHT
Inevitable +++ ++ Open Incompatible Ruptured (+)FHT
Incomplete +/- ++ Open Incompatible Ruptured or
Not appreciated
MEATY TISSUE
Complete - +/- Closed Incompatible Not appreciated
Abs signs of
preg.
Missed - Spotting Closed Incompatible Notappreciated
(-) FHT
Habitual +/- + + Compatible +/- (+) FHT
TYPES OF ABORTION
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