Entritis and diarrheal diseases of sheep and goats

ENTRITIS AND DIARRHOEAL DISEASES OF SHEEP AND

GOATS

Submitted to Dr Hassan Mushtaq SbSubmitted by Abdul Wajid 2013-mphil-1086

Contents

Entritis Diarrhea Transmission sign CausesInfectious

1. BacterialE. coliSalmonella sp.Clostridium perfringins 

2. ViralRotavirusCoronavirus

3.Protozoa Cryptosporidia Coccidia (Eimera sp.)Giardia sp.

Non Infectious • Gastro-intestinal worms • Nutritional• Dietary changes• Overfeeding• Simple indigestion• Inadequate intake of

colostrums• stagnant water• Lush or wet pasture• Allergies• Poor sanitation• Stress

Diarrhea (Scours)• Diarrhea is defined as an increased frequency, fluidity, or volume of fecal excretion. The feces may contain blood or mucous and be smelly

Enteritis• inflammation of the intestine, especially the small

intestine, usually accompanied by diarrhoea.

Transmission• fecal-oral route• transmitted through water contaminated with feces• Some viruses can be transmitted through air• Nosocommial transmission is possible

Sign Symptoms• Vomiting• Dehydration moderate to severe• Fever– often of moderate grade• Mild abdominal pain

E.Coli scours

• scours is an opportunistic disease associated with sloppy environmental conditions and poor sanitation

• It is also called "watery mouth," because affected lambs salivate and have a cold mouth.

Treatment• Antibiotics are used• . Spectinomycin oral is commonly used• Adequate colostrum

Salmonella• The bacteria Salmonella has thousands of serotypes and all can potentially cause diarrhea in animals. Salmonella can cause diarrhea in lambs and kids of any age.

Treatment• Bleach is an effective disinfectant to use during an outbreak.

• Vaccine efficacy is questionable.

clostridium A, B, C, and D can all cause diarrhea in lambs and kids, though type D is the most common agent With type D the onset of neurologic signs followed by sudden death. Treatmentsupportive care and administration of the antitoxin.• type C • bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic enteritis, and bloody scours.

colostrum is also important.

RotavirusLambs and kids are infected with a group of B rotaviruses, whereas most other animals and humans are infected with group A rotoviruses.. Young animals become very depressed and dehydrated.

Treatment• supportive care.• Vaccination before they give birth will increase passive immunity.

Cryptosporidium

• Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoa that can cause diarrhea.

• . The diarrhea is usually very liquid and yellow.

Treatment• . Ammonia and formalin • The best control comes from lambs and kids getting adequate immunity through colostrum soon after birth.

Giardia

• Giardia-induced diarrhea • The diarrhea is usually transient, but infected animals can continue to shed cysts for many weeks

Treatment• . Infected animals can be treated effectively with fenbendazole

Coccidiosis

• Coccidosis is a protozoan parasitic disease that is a common cause of diarrhea in lambs and kids.

• . The diarrhea of lambs and kids is usually not bloody, but it may contain blood or mucous and be very watery.

Treatment• Treatment of affected animals includes supportive care and adminstration of coccidiostats

Non Infectious causes

• Nutritional• . Nutritional problems can result in diarrhea. • Due to• Poor quality milk replacer• Mixing error• Overfeeding

Gastro-intestinal worms

• The Barber pole worm (Haemonchus contortis) is the major worm species affecting sheep and goats

• gastro-intestinal worms can cause diarrhea in sheep and goats

Control• good pasture• grazing• animal management• with effective anthelmintics

Rumen Acedosis• Acidosis is caused by• too much grain• concentrate• which causes a change in rumen acidity and bacteria population

Treatment• Treatment includes• drenching with mineral oil or antacids. • feeding management.• Concentrates (grain) should be introduced to the diet slowly

Cont…..• Dietary changes• Overfeeding• Simple indigestion• Poor qualtiy milk replacers• Inadequate intake of colostrums• Poor quality colostrums• Poor quality or stagnant water

Cont…..• Lush or wet pasture• Inadequate dry matter intake• Plant and fungal toxins• Allergies• Management (Poor environment)• Overstocking/Overcrowding

Cont….• Poor sanitation• Stress Weaning• Handling• Weather extremes• Shipping/Transportation

Treatment Strategies.Spectinomycin• Pepto-Bismol. • . Kaopectate (Kaolin-Pectin) can be used to treat non-

infectious causes of diarrhea• Antibacterial drugs• . Sulfa-antibiotics or amprolium should be used in the

case of coccidia• Sulphadimadine