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Understanding Depression in Primary Care
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Depression
What we are expected to know…
1.4 Ensure that you appropriately explore both physical and psychological symptoms, family, social and cultural factors, in an integrated manner
1.5 Understand the place of instruments in case-finding for depression (the Whooley questions) and for assessment of severity of symptoms (GAD-72 for anxiety and PHQ-93 for depression)
1.6 Understand the primary care management of patients with common mental health problems
1.9 Understand SIGN or NICE guidelines
1.13 Understand how to access local health and social care organisations, both statutory and third sector, that are an essential component of managing people with mental health problems
2.5 Understand the range of psychological therapies available
3.2 Understand the difference between depression and emotional distress, and avoid medicalising distress
In Plain English…Understand significance of Whooley Screening questions
Explore the Biological, Psychological, Social, Family and Cultural factors (BPS tool to assess severity)
Put into practice different appropriate management options for depression
Those with co-morbid chronic illness have subtle screening & management differences
Understand the place of different “talking therapies”
Be aware of/utilize different local agencies that can offer support
Be able to distinguish emotional distress from depression
Video
Symptoms of depression
“Medical” things that supported her
“Social” things that supported her
Empowering the patient to help/educate themselves
Screening for Depression
'During the last month have you often been bothered by feeling down, depressed or hopeless?'
'During the last month have you been bothered by having little interest or pleasure in doing things?
NB: If patient has a chronic health problem must also ask about Worthlessness, Concentration and Thoughts of death
If any positive responses then go on to take a formal assessment/history
Whooley Questions
Diagnosing Depression
DSM IV used
Symptoms ≥ 2 weeks
Worthlessness/GuiltPoor
ConcentrationRecurrent
thoughts of death/suicidal
ideation
Depressed Mood
Anhedonia
FatigueSignificant
weight/appetite change
Sleep changesPsychomotor
agitation/retardation
Minimum of one core symptom and additional symptoms that bring the total to 5
PHQ-9 (OLD)
Means of recording symptoms of
depression on GP systems
Note how it gives recording of severity
based on score (conflicts with NICE
defining severity)
Biopsychosocial Assessment (NEW)
Biopsychosocial assessment has to be done on the same day the diagnostic code “depression” is used! QOF Points
Current symptoms, including duration and severityPast history and family historyQuality of personal relationships (e.g. with partner, children, parents)Social supportLiving conditionsEmployment or financial worriesCurrent or previous substance or alcohol useSuicidal ideationDiscussion of treatment options, previous treatments and response to these treatments.
Reassess patients 10d-35d after diagnosis
Severity
Severity is based on the severity of symptoms and their impact functional impairment. Not directly based on number of criteria met (though can often be inferred from this)
Management
Remember: Very important to offer patients choices
Empower patients!
Step 2 ManagementMild-Moderate Depression OR Persistent Subthreshold symptoms
Offer active monitoring
Low-intensity psychological & psychosocial interventions
Do not routinely use antidepressants (because risk–benefit ratio is poor), unless they:.
Have a past history of moderate–severe depression They present with subthreshold symptoms that have been present
for 2 years or more They have subthreshold symptoms for <2yrs but they don't respond to other interventions
If they have mild depression but it is complicating physical health problems they have
Step 3 Management
Step 2 (but poor response) OR Moderate–severe depression
High-intensity psychological interventions
Medication (usually SSRI)
Combined treatment (antidepressants and psychological intervention)
Step 4 ManagementSevere and complex depression OR Risk to life OR Severe self-neglect
Focus on maintaining a safe environment, likely needing secondary care input
Combined, often multifaceted interventions are required
Medication
High-intensity psychological interventions
ECT
Crisis service
Inpatient care
Low Intensity Psychotherapies
Individual self-help based on CBT principles
Computerised CBT
Group CBT
Group Physical Activity Programme
Counselling
High Intensity Psychotherapies
Individual CBT
Interpersonal therapy
Behavioural Couples Therapy(if appropriate)
Psychodynamic therapy
Psychotherapies
Antidepressant Choice
Choose an SSRI first lineIncrease the risk of bleeding. Consider a PPI in older people on
NSAIDs or aspirin.SSRIs can exacerbate hyponatraemia, especially in the elderly.Interacts with antiplatelets
• Under 18’s –• Breastfeedin
g – • Pregnancy – • Elderly –• Cardiopaths -
Fluoxetine (generally under specialist advice)Paroxetine/SertralineFluoxetine/Citalopram/Sertraline (try and avoid in 1st trimester)Citalopram/Sertraline (less drug interactions)Sertraline
Starting Antidepressants
Explain Gradual onset of action
Possible side effects
The importance of continuing once remission achieved
The risk of discontinuation symptoms (especially paroxetine and venlafaxine)
Review the patient after 2 weeks, and then 2–4 weekly for the first 3 monthsMore often if patient young/higher suicide risk
Stop/change antidepressant if getting unacceptable side effectsIf no/minimal response after 3–4w increase dose or switch SSRIIf inadequate response after 6–8w can switch to alternative antidepressant
group
Stopping Antidepressants
If one SSRI has been ineffective, try an alternative SSRIIf that is ineffective, try an alternative class of antidepressants (SNRI, tricyclic,
MAOI).
Post-recovery continue antidepressants for at least 6 months to reduce risk of relapse
For 2 years if there is a history of recurrent depression or significant risk of relapse
Usually reduce slowly over 4weeksAdvise to seek help if significant discontinuation symptoms
If significant, consider reintroducing antidepressant/increasing back to previous dose or swap to a drug with a longer half-life (e.g citalopram) and then reduce
SSRI Interactions
Medication Recommendation
NSAIDS/Aspirin *Avoid this combo, but if are using together then also prescribe PPI
Warfarin/Heparin *Avoid SSRI use
Triptans *Avoid SSRI use
Tamoxifen Avoid Paroxetine and Fluoxetine (inhibit CYP2D6 and therefore pro-drug conversion of tamoxifen)
MAO-B Inhibitors (e.g Selegiline) *Avoid SSRI use
Clozapine/theophylline/Methadone
Only use SSRI Sertraline or Citalopram
Flecainide Only use SSRI Sertraline *Can consider Mirtazapine instead
VenlafaxineSpecialist supervision if >300mg/in hospital/severe depression
Note if for anxiety max dose is 75mg
S/E: Hypertension (monitor regularly) – care in cardiopaths!
MirtazapineTertracyclic antidepressent
As a good rule of thumb is a good 2nd line agent behind SSRI
Faster onset of action to SSRI by 6-12 weeks
Can cause weight gain and somnolence
Local ServicesPrimary Care Liaison Service (Routine advice/referral) 01225 3714808am to 8pm Mon – Fri
Single point of entry: access to appropriate services thereafter
o BANES Intensive Team (OOH/Emergency) 01225 362814Point of contact for all other times(open 24/7)
Home treatments (2-3/day to avoid hospital admission)
Crisis Assessment and Treatment (Emergency Assessment within 4 hours)
o LIFT (IAPT) 01225 675150Offers psychological therapies services
Self and GP Referrals
Initial Face-to-face appointment with patients to assess specific needs
CAMHS 0117 3604040 Mon – Fri 9am to 5pm
Support Groups (for Mental Health)
Mindfulness group
Central Bath Music Therapy Group
Kitchen Creations
Sing and Smile
Writing Space
5-a-side indoor football
The HOPE guide
BANES for contact details and descriptions
Bereavement/Grief (Loss)
“Normal” Grief can include
• disbelief, shock, numbness and feelings of unreality
• anger
• feelings of guilt
• sadness and tearfulness
• preoccupation with the deceased
• disturbed sleep and appetite and, occasionally, weight loss
• seeing or hearing the voice of the deceased.
Increased risk of depression with
• intense feelings of guilt not related to the bereavement
• thoughts of suicide or preoccupation with dying
• feelings of worthlessness
• markedly slow speech and movements
• prolonged or severe functional impairement
• prolonged hallucinations of the deceased/unrelated
Key Points
Whooley Screening questions for diabetes (+ extra if chronic illnesses)
Diagnosis = at least 1 core and 4 other symptoms
Formal BioPsychoSocial Assessment
Stepwise management of treatment
SSRI choice and commonest risks/side effects/interactions
As well as “medical” and “talking” therapies, think of the “social” therapies also
Know about the local organisations that can help
Don’t over-medicalise simple emotional distress (therapeutic consultation and active monitoring may be enough)
Online Resource
http://nsashley.coursesites.com
Online downloadable powerpoint presentation
NICE guidance
Post tutorial quiz
Other depression resources (eg HOPE Guide)
Thanks!
Any Questions?
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