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Samantha ThompsonENDOCRINE SYSTEM
“Condition of excessive calcium in the blood”
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
Hyper- = excessiveCalc/o = calcium-emia = blood condition
HYPERCALCEMIA
When calcium levels in the blood are low, the parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone (PTH)
PTH instigates an increase in osteoclast formation, which enhances bone destruction and thus an increase in blood calcium concentration
NORMAL PARATHYROID FUNCTION
Parathyroid glands sense
low serum calcium
Parathyroid glands release
PTH
Bone destruction
releases calcium into
the blood
NORMAL PARATHYROID
One of the main causes of hypercalcemia is an excessive release of PTH Overactive parathyroid glands secrete an abundance of PTH
even when blood calcium levels are normal Bone destruction occurs due to the excessive PTH and
elevated calcium levels are present
DYSFUNCTIONAL PARATHYROID
Blood calcium levels are
normal
Parathyroid glands secrete
excess PTH
Excess bone destruction
leads to high calcium levels
CancerOther diseases
Example: Tuberculosis instigates an excessive absorption of calcium in digestive tract due to high levels of vitamin D in blood
Immobility Bone destruction occurs when bones are not weight-bearing,
thus increasing blood calcium levelsMedications
Some medications may cause the parathyroid glands to overactSupplements
Excessive calcium supplements can cause elevated calcium levels
HeredityDehydration
Less fluid in blood can cause highly concentrated calcium levels
OTHER CAUSES OF HYPERCALCEMIA
Kidneys – increase in thirst and urination Kidneys must work harder to filter excess calcium
Digestive System – upset stomach, nausea, vomiting, constipation
Bones and Muscles – weakened bones and muscles Excessive bone destruction destabilizes bones and
corresponding musclesBrain – confusion, lethargy, fatigue
SYMPTOMS OF HYPERCALCEMIA
Medications Control overactive
parathyroid glands Help rebuild bones Lower calcium levels Lower vitamin D
levelsSurgery
Remove malfunctioning parathyroid gland(s) Radioactive
injection used to determine malfunctioning tissue
TREATMENT FOR HYPERCALCEMIA
“The presence of sugar or glucose in the urine”
Associated with diabetes mellitus
Glycos/o = sugar-uria = urine condition
GLYCOSURIA
Pancreas is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels Both endocrine and exocrine
functions Exocrine:
Digestive enzymes released into small intestine
Endocrine: Glucagon – Stimulates liver to
release glucose into the blood Insulin – Regulates and
promotes entry of glucose into cells
NORMAL PANCREAS FUNCTION
Metabolic disorder with hyperglycemia and glycosuria
Pancreas does not produce insulin or cells cannot respond to insulin
Insulin causes glucose from the blood to be transported to body cells
Without appropriate insulin function, blood glucose levels rise (hyperglycemia) and there is glucose in the urine (glycosuria)
DIABETES MELLITUS
There are two types of diabetes mellitus Type 1: Insuffi cient insulin production by the islets of
Langerhans in the pancreas Due to genetics
Type 2: Resistance to insulin by body cells or insuffi cient production of insulin Due to lifestyle and genetics Much more common than Type 1
Symptoms Frequent urination (polyuria) Excessive thirst (polydipsia) Excessive hunger (polyphagia)
Treatment Options Healthy lifestyle (to prevent and treat Type 2) Insulin injections to maintain normal blood glucose levels
DIABETES MELLITUS
Kidneys reabsorb fi ltered glucose into bloodstream
NORMAL KIDNEY FUNCTION
Renal glycosuria is another potential cause for glucose in the urine
While blood glucose levels may remain normal, the renal tubules in the kidneys are unable to properly fi lter glucose, resulting in excretion of glucose in urine
Generally asymptomatic
Genetic condition
DYSFUNCTIONAL KIDNEYS
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