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Results of a study investigating the affective and cognitive impacts of Body Worlds on children and their parents.
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Family Friendly ControversyFamily Friendly Controversy Affective and Cognitive Expectations for and Reactions to
BODY WORLDSKimberly M. Burtnyk, M.Sc.
Manager of Research and Evaluation, Amgen Center for Science LearningCalifornia Science Center
Outline
• Brief History of BODY WORLDS
• Current research study
• Profile Analyses
A Brief History of BODY WORLDS
• BODY WORLDS 200+ real human specimensSpecimens are Plastinated
Tissues replaced by polymer plastic through a vacuum process.
The Study
• Families • W/children 7-12 y.o. • Pre-/post-visit• Affective and cognitive
expectations and outcomes
• Profile analyses compared adult and child expectations and outcomes
1. What did children expect to feel/learn and what did parents expect their children to feel/learn in BODY WORLDS?
2. How did children’s reactions compare with expectations for learning and affect?
Research Questions
1. What did children expect to feel/learn and what did parents expect their children to feel/learn in BODY WORLDS?
2. How did children’s reactions compare with expectations for learning and affect?
Research Questions
6) How do you think you/your child will react to seeing the exhibits? Not at all
Extremely
Will you be curious? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will you be fascinated? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will you be uncomfortable? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will you be interested? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will you be sad/upset? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will it make you think a lot? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will you be confused? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will you be grossed out? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will you be bored? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Will it be creepy? 1 2 3 4 5 6
Affect Measuring Question
Child Positive and Negative Expectations
POSITIVE POSITIVE
TERMSTERMS
NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
TERMSTERMS
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Not at all or hardlyany
A little or somew hat Very or Extremely
Curious
Fascinated
Interested
Think a lot
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Not at all or hardlyany
A little or Somew hat Very or Extremely
Uncomfortable
Sad/Upset
Confused
Grossed out
Bored
Creepy
Adult Positive and Negative Expectations for their Children
POSITIVE POSITIVE
TERMSTERMS
NEGATIVE NEGATIVE
TERMSTERMS0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Not at all or Hardlyany
A little or Somew hat Very or Extremely
Uncomfortable
Sad/Upset
Confused
Grossed out
Bored
Creepy
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Not at all or Hardly any A little or Somew hat Very or Extremely
Curious
Fascinated
Interested
Think a lot
Parent expectations for children (relative to child self-expectations)
Positive Expectations
0%
5%10%
15%
20%
25%30%
35%
40%
Fa
scin
ate
d
Cu
rio
us
Inte
rest
ed
Th
ink
a lo
t
More positive
More negative
Parent expectations for children (relative to child self-expectations)
Negative Expectations
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%
Unc
omfo
rtab
le
Sad
Con
fuse
d
Gro
ssed
out
Cre
epy
Bor
ed
More positive
More negative
Profile Analyses
Any Likert type scale or Semantic Differential can be analyzed using “Profile Analysis.” E.g.
This exhibit was: Totally Somewhat Neither agree Somewhat Totally disagree disagree nor disagree agree agree
Fun 0 1 2 3 4Silly 0 1 2 3 4Educational 0 1 2 3 4Exciting 0 1 2 3 4
The exhibit was…Terrible 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fantastic
Ugly 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Beautiful
Exciting 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Boring
Profile Analyses
For each variable, mean scores are calculated and plotted to see the “profile” of visitor responses. E.g.:
Visitor opinions
0
0.5
1
1.52
2.5
3
3.5
4
Fun Silly Educational Exciting
Meanscores
Profile Analyses
Comparisons can then be made between independent
variables such as Age, Gender, Education, etc.
Visitor Opinions (split by gender)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Fun Silly Educational Exciting
Mean Malescores
Mean Femalescores
Adult and Child Expectations
Profile analyses were conducted on the following:
•Adult self expectations vs. Adult expectations of child – How different an experience did adults expect children to have, compared to their own expectations?
• Adult self expectations vs. Child self expectations – How different were adult and child affective expectations for the visit?
•Male vs. Female child expectations – Did boys and girls expect to have different experiences?
•Adult expectations of male vs. female children – Did parents exhibit any gender biasing?
•Male vs. Female adult expectations of child – Did adult gender affect how they expected children to react?
Adult Self Expectations
Adult (of self) mean = 5.19, SD = 0.37
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
CURIOUS
FASCINATE
D
UNCOMFO
RTABLE
INTERESTE
D
SAD/E
MO
TIONAL
THOUG
HTFUL
CONFUSED
GROSSED O
UT
BO
RED
AFRAID
mor
e ne
gativ
e
Res
pons
e
mor
e po
sitiv
e
Adult SelfPre
Adult Self Expectations vs. Adult Expectations of Child
P < 0.04 Adult (of self) mean = 5.19, SD = 0.37
Adult (of child) mean = 4.78, SD = 0.41
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
CURIOUS
FASCINATE
D
UNCOMFO
RTABLE
INTERESTE
D
SAD/E
MO
TIONAL
THOUG
HTFUL
CONFUSED
GROSSED O
UT
BO
RED
AFRAID
mor
e ne
gativ
e
Res
pons
e
mor
e po
sitiv
e
Adult SelfPre
Adult (ofChild Pre)
Adult Expectations of Child
Adult (of child) mean = 4.78, SD = 0.41
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
mor
e ne
gativ
e
Res
pons
e
mor
e po
sitiv
e
Adult (ofChild Pre)
Adult Expectations of Child vs. Child Self Expectations
Adult (of child) mean = 4.78, SD = 0.41
Child (self) mean = 4.88, SD = 0.46
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
CURIOUS
FASCINATE
D
UNCOMFO
RTABLE
INTERESTE
D
SAD/E
MO
TIONAL
THOUG
HTFUL
CONFUSED
GROSSED O
UT
BO
RED
AFRAID
mor
e ne
gativ
e
Res
pons
e
mor
e po
sitiv
e
Adult (ofChild Pre)
Child SelfPre
Male and Female Child Affective Expectations
Gender Differences
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
mo
re n
egat
ive
R
ES
PO
NS
E
m
ore
po
siti
ve
Female ChildSelf Pre
Male ChildSelf Pre
Female mean = 4.95, SD = 0.45
Male mean = 4.81, SD = 0.44
Adult Expectations of Male and Female Children
Adult Expectations of Male vs. Female Children
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
mor
e ne
gativ
e
R
ES
PO
NS
E
m
ore
posi
tive
AdultFemaleChild Pre
Adult MaleChild Pre
Adult expect of Female child mean = 4.80, SD = 0.42
Adult expect of Male child mean = 4.75, SD = 0.36
Male and Female Adult Expectations of Children
Male and Female Adult Expectations of Child
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
more
negativ
e R
ES
PO
NS
E
more
positi
ve
FemaleAdult (ofChild Pre)
Male Adult(of ChildPre)
Adult Female (expect of child) mean = 4.81, SD = 0.44
Adult Male (expect of child) mean = 4.72, SD = 0.36
• Adults expected children to have a significantly less positive experience than they themselves expected to have.
• Girls were slightly more positive about seeing the exhibit than boys
• Adults displayed no gender biasing when rating male and female child expected reactions.
• Children were overall positive about the impending visit
Affective Expectations Summary
How well did adults predict children’s affective responses to BODY WORLDS?
Conducted profile analyses on the following:
1) Adult expectations vs. Child outcomes – how well did adults predict the experience children would have?
2) Child expectations vs. Child outcomes – how well did children themselves gauge their own response?
So what happened?
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
mo
re n
eg
ati
ve
R
ES
PO
NS
E
mo
re p
osit
ive
Adult (ofChildPre)
Adult Expectations vs. Child Outcomes (Mean scores)
Adult (of child) Pre mean = 4.78, SD = 0.41
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
mo
re n
eg
ati
ve
R
ES
PO
NS
E
mo
re p
osit
ive
Adult (ofChildPre)
ChildSelf Post
Adult Expectations vs. Child Outcomes (Mean scores)
Adult (of child) Pre mean = 4.78, SD = 0.41
Child Self Post mean = 4.83, SD = 0.46
Child Expectations vs. Child Outcomes (Mean scores)
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
mo
re n
eg
ati
ve R
ES
PO
NS
E m
ore
po
sit
ive
Child SelfPre
Child SelfPost
Child Self Pre mean = 4.88, SD = 0.46
Child Self Post mean = 4.83, SD = 0.46
Cognitive Expectations and Outcomes
Open-ended questions probed cognitive expectations and outcomes:
What is BODY WORLDS about?
What did your parents tell you?/What did you tell your children?
Why is it/not a good exhibit for kids to see?
(A) Which exhibits did you discuss with your children? / (C) Which exhibits to you remember the most?
Why those?/What did you talk about?
(A) Tell us 2 things your child learned / (C) Complete the sentence: I never knew that…
Is BODY WORLDS a good exhibit for kids?
Category Definition and examples
Anat. terms
Specific Anatomy
See/Learn about specific/less common anatomical terms: “pancreas,” “breast tissue,” “brain cells,” “vascular system.”
Neutral Anatomy
See/Learn about anatomical terms that are specific but familiar parts of the body: “hip,” “heart,” “lungs,” “brain,” “nerves.”
General Anatomy
See/Learn about “anatomy,” common terms: “the human body,” or groups of body parts such as “muscles,” “organs,” “tissues.”
Bodily f’cns
How the body works
See/Learn about “how the body works” or any process/function of the body.
See Inside the body
See/Learn about “what the body looks like inside”: “see inside,” “under the skin,” “what's under the body.”
Health See/Learn about health related: smoking, disease, healthy, “fatty foods”
Gen. expct’ns
Educational “Educational,” “learn science,” “know more about,” “informative.”
Good for school Good/need/learn for school and or school project.
Cool/ interesting
Positive affective responses, any statement of enjoyment/excitement, “fun,” “cool,” “interesting.”
Negative comment
Negative/tentative affective comments: “wrong,” “gross,” “disgusting.”
ExhibitExhibit specific (non-anatomy)
Additional exhibit specific information: Plastination, real bodies, made in Germany, controversial, donated bodies. Excluding anatomical terms.
Parent and Child Cognitive Expectations
What Children and Parents Expected to see in BODY WORLDS
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Gen
eral
Anato
my
See in
side
the
body
Cool/I
nter
estin
g
Exhib
it spe
cific
Educa
tiona
l
How th
e bod
y wor
ks
Neutra
l Ana
tom
y
Specif
ic Ana
tom
y
Health
Negat
ive c
omm
ent
Goo
d fo
r Sch
ool
Adults
Children
Learning Outcomes Summary
What Kids said They Learned vs. What Parents Thought their Kids Learned
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%
Cool/In
tere
sting
Specif
ic Ana
tom
y
Neutra
l Anato
my
Exhib
it spe
cific
See h
ow th
e bo
dy w
orks
See in
side b
ody
Health re
lated
Gener
al Ana
tom
y
Educa
tiona
l
Negativ
e co
mment
Good
for sc
hool
Adults
Children
• Parents and children both felt that BODY WORLDS was appropriate for children 13 and under.
• BODY WORLDS was also a valuable learning experience for children.
• Despite the controversy, BODY WORLDS appears to be a family-friendly exhibit.
BODY WORLDS Family Research: Conclusions
END
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