Avm

Acoustic schwannoma/ neuroma Less then 1 cm tumour / no hearing impairment

- Observation

- Yearly MRI scan & audiometry

Early small tumor: (size <2.5 cm)

- Hearing function present: Radiosurgery

- Hearing function not present: Radiosurgery or surgery

Larger tumour (>3.5 cm) / brainstem compression

- Facial Nr preservation not possible: Surgery

- Facial Nr Preservation possible: Surgery only with complication

Safe Surgery + radiosurgery

- Surgery not possible: Fractionated radiotherapy

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Stage I: IAC fill

Stage II: Protrude through opening of IAC on the brain

Stage III: Growth comes in contact with brainstem

Stage IV: brainstem compression

AN: Koos Classification

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Prospective studies: >100Total number of patient treated with RS: >10,000 Follow up period: ≈20 yrs

In AN <2.5 cm treated with SRS, PFS at 20 years – 95-98% Facial Nr palsy – 0.5% Symptomatic Progression – 2-3% Severe toxicity – 0.1%

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

AN: Radiosurgery – Early studies

Higher dose; lower hearing function preservation

Preservation rate (%)

Author (yr) FU(mo)

n Vol (cc)

Marginal dose (Gy)

Local control (%)

CN V CN VII Hearing

Leksell (1971) 44.4 160 <3 cm 18-25 81 82 86 20

Flickinger (1993)

24 134 2.57 12-20 89.2 67.1 71 35

Foote (1995) 16 36 3.14 16-20 100 41.4 33.5 41.7

Mendenhall (1996)

>12 56 - 10-22.5 95 78.6 78.6 NA

Kondziolka (1998)

>60 162 2.2 cm 16.6 98 73 73 51

Suh (2000) 49 29 2.1 8-24 94 85 68 26

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

AN: Radiosurgery – Dose <13 Gy, long term FU Author (yr) n FU (yr) Vol

(cc)Median

Dose (Gy)Local

control (%)CN V CN VII Hearing

Prasad (2000) 153 4.27 2.6 13 92 98.3 98.4 58

Unger (2002) 100 6.3 3.4 13 96 100 98 55

Chopra (2007) 216 5.7 1.3 13 93 96 94 68

Hasegawa (2005) 317 >5 - 12 93 100 94 60

Myrseth (2005) 103 >4 - 12.5 93 - 98.3 33.3

Kim (2007) 59 6 3.4 12 93 - 98.3 32

Iwai (2008) 25 7.4 0.27 12 100 100 100 64

Niranjan (2008) 96 3.5 - 13 99 100 100 64.5

Fukuoka (2009) 152 >5 2 12 94 97.4 100 64.5

Murphy (2010) 103 3.6 1.95 13 91.5 92 95 55

Combs (2006) 26 9 2.2 12.5 99 99.3 99.3 NA

Friedman (2006) 295 3.3 1.5 13 91 92 95 55

Kalogeridi (2009) 19 4.6 11 13 99.3 99.3 99.3 NA

Lower dose; Higher hearing function preservation; less toxicityCopyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Enlargement of tumour after radiosurgery?

Post-SRS transient enlargement of tumour occursDue to radiation effect on tumour and replacement with granulation tissueSubsides/ regress after 1.5 to 2 yr

Kapoor S et al; IJROBP 2010Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Kondziolka et al NEJM 1998

Prospective evaluation of AN pts (n=162)

Regression of tumour in majority of ptsRegression is slow & occurs over years

Mar

gina

l Dos

e (G

y)

Year

7-45 Gy

20 Gy

15 Gy12 Gy

Local control maintained (>95% at 10 years)Toxicities have come downHearing preservation increased

RT dose (Gy) Complication rate (%)

10-12.5 13

15-17.5(TV<5.5 cm3)

9

15-17.5 (TV>5.5 cm3)

71

20-22.5 100

Dose reduction have reduced toxicity without compromise on local control

Mendenhal et al 2000

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Hydrocephalus

Vertigo/ tinnitus

Cranial Nr Palsy

Complications depends upon dosage schedule

Surgery possible after SRS ?

After SRS only few patients progress, they need surgery

SRS causes regression of blood supply, hence should be easy for resection

In a study, 8/13 pts with progression after SRS had difficult surgery !!

No clear contraindication of surgery after RS

Pollock et al; J Neurosurg 1998

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Higher risk of second malignancy after SRS ?

After radiosurgery risk of second malignancy is very low

No report of any second malignancy after 7500 AN pt treatment in 18 yrs

Estimated risk 1: 1000 (0.001%)

Only two reported case of second malignancy

1. In Japan 4 yrs after surgery

2. Temporal lobe GBM 7.5 yrs after radiosurgery

Kondziolka et al 2000Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

AN: Radiotherapy – Long-term follow up (>10 yrs)

Local control: 95-98%; Hearing function preservation: 70-80%

Author (yr) n FU (mo) Vol (cc) MedianDose (Gy)

LC (%) CN V CN VII Hearing

Kalapurakal (1999) 19 54 3.5 cm 36/6# 100 100 100 100

Fuss (2000) 51 42 8.6 57.6/30# 100 95.2 100 85

Meijer (2003) 80 33 2.5 cm 25/5# 94 98 97 61

Sawamura (2003) 101 45 1.9 cm 50/25# 91.4 96 100 71

Selch (2004) 48 36 2.5 54/30# 100 97.8 97.9 93

Chan (2005) 70 45.3 2.4 54/30# 100 96 99 84

Lin (2005) 16 48 1.75 cm 54/30# NA NA NA 90

Combs (2005) 106 48.5 3.9 57.6/30# 96.6 96.6 97.7 94

Koh (2007) 60 31.9 4.9 50/25# 100 100 100 77.3

Thomas (2007) 34 36.5 1 45/25# 100 100 94 63

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Comparative study: Fractionated RT Vs SRS Author (yr) RT type n FU (mo) Dose

(Gy)LC (%) CN V CN VII Hearing

Andrews Philadelphia

(2001)

FSRT 56 115 Wk 50/25# 97 93 98 81

SRS 69 115 Wk 12 98 95 98 33

CombsHiedelburg

(2010)

FSRT 172 75 mo 57.6/33# 96 97 98 78

SRS 19 75 mo <13Gy 96 100 95 78

SRS 11 75 mo >13Gy 96 93 88 NA

Kopp Germany (2011)

FSRT 47 32.1 54/30# 97.9 NA 100 79

SRS 68 30.1 12 98.5 NA 100 85Collen

Belgium (2011)FSRT 78 62 50/25# 95 NA 88 68

SRS 41 62 12.5 95 NA 88 59

No difference in local control, hearing preservation & toxicity profile

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Fractionated RT Vs SRS (n=202)

Local Control: FSRT vs SRS ( FU= 75 mo)

Coumb et al IJROBP 2000

FSRT vs SRS: No difference in local control

FSRT vs SRS <13 Gy dose

Coumb et al IJROBP 2000

FSRT vs SRS: No difference in hearing function preservation

Hearing function preservation

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

N=496Median FU= 52 moRange= 5-138 mo

Salvage surgery= 11 (3%)Radiological progression: 30%Vol doubled: 9%

Facial weakness: 1.6%Trigimenal: 2.8%Hydrocephalus: 0.9%

RT dose:

25Gy/5#: 76% pt30Gy/10#: 24% pt

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Larger volume tumour treated with high dose have radiological progression

Radiological progression with fSRT

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Gender (M:F) 7:9

Age Median (range) (yrs) 51(19-74)

Side (R:L:BL) 9:21:2

Pre-SRS hearing function

Serviceable HL 20 (63%)

Non-Serviceable HL 12 (37%)

Pre-SRS facial function status

H-B Scale I 22(69%)

H-B Scale II 3 (9%)

H-B Scale III 5 (15%)

H-B Scale IV -

H-B Scale V 2 (7%)

SRS TechniqueFrameless

Framebased

19 (59%)13 (41%)

Dose Median (range) (Gy) 14 (12-26.2)

FU Median (range) (mo) 6.5 (6-8)

ASH Experience: (n=32)

Balaji, Mahadev, Dutta et al, AROICON 2011

N=32CyberKnife: 19 ptBrainLAB: 13 pt

Serviceable hearing function : 20 pt

N=32CyberKnife: 19 ptBrainLAB: 13 pt

Serviceable hearing function : 20 pt

Grade PT ave (dB)

Grade I (good-excellent) 0-30

Grade II (serviceable) 31-50

Grade III (non-serviceable)

51-90

Grade IV (poor) 91-max

Grade V (none) Not testable

Hearing function assessmentGardner Robertson Scale

Gardner G, Robertson JH (1988 )Hearing preservation in unilateral acoustic neuroma surgery. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 97: 55–66.

Objective assessment of auditory function

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Grade Description Measurement Function %

I Normal 8/8 100

II Slight 7/8 76 - 99

III Moderate 5/8 - 6/8 51 - 75

IVModerately

Severe3/8 - 4/8 26 - 50

V Severe 1/8 - 2/8 1 – 25

VI Total 0/8 0

House Brackman Scale

"Measurement" is determined by measuring the superior movement of mid-portion of the superior eye brow and the lateral movement of oral commissure. A scale point of 1 is assigned for each 0.25 cm of motion up to 1 cm for both eye brow and commissure movement. The points are then added together. 

Facial function assessment

Post-SRS Pre SRS

Total**I II III IV

I 3 0 0 0 3II 4 6 0 0 10III 1 6 5 0 12IV 0 0 6 1 7

TOTAL* 8 12 11 1 32

*Total number of pts with corresponding GR scale in column pre-SRS; ** Total number of pts with corresponding GR scale in the row post-SRS; Group of pts, hearing improved or remained within 20-dB considered hearing preservation

Gardner Robertson scale: Hearing functionPre & post-SRS (6 month) evaluation

(n=32)

Post- SRS

Pre-SRSTotal**

I II III IV VI 21 0 0 0 0 21II 1 2 0 0 0 3III 0 2 4 0 0 6IV 0 0 0 0 0 0V 0 0 0 0 2 2

TOTAL* 22 4 4 0 2 32*Total number of patients with corresponding HB scale in the column pre-SRS** Total number of patients with corresponding HB scale in the row post-SRS

House Brackman Grading: Facial Nr FunctionPre & post-SRS (6 month) evaluation

(n=32)

Dosimetric comparison between BrainLAB & CyberKnifeUnilateral AN ptServiceable hearing functionAge <25 yearsSize <3 cm

Contouring done with CT scan & MRIGTV = post-contrast enhancementPTV margin = 2 mm Dose= 13-15 Gy single fractionOARs (Choclea, Brainstem, Mesial temporal lobe)

Planning & calculation was done with appropriate calculation algorithms. Isodose plans & DVHs generated by the two systems were comparedPrescribed isodose in both the systems were considered adequate to cover at least 95% of PTV

Planning with BrainLAB systemForward planningArc no: 5-9

Planning with CyberKnife systemInverse planningBeamlet no: 70-150

(n=7)

CK BrainLAB p-value*

Mean tumour Vol (cc) 1.2±0.9 1.3±1 0.917

Conformity Index (CI) 0.53±0.06 0.58±0.07 0.225

10Gy Vol (cc) 3.2±1.1 5.2±1.6 0.017

5Gy Vol (cc) 11.8±4.9 16.8±6.2 0.129

2.5Gy Vol (cc) 39.9±17.2 52.3±19.8 0.238

Max dose brainstem (Gy) 4.9±3.1 4.7±2.6 0.935

Mean cochlea dose (Gy) 5.4±0.6 6.9±0.7 0.001

Mean mesial temporal lobe dose (Gy) 1.7±0.9 2.6±0.9 0.07

Dutta et al, J Neurooncol 2012

Comparison BrainLAB & CyberKnife plan

No difference in target coverageHigh dose spillage significantly less with CKDose to critical structures (cochlea & temporal lobe) significantly less with CK

*Non parametric test

Pt survey: Sx vs SRS (n=1553)

Issues Surgery^ RS*

Mean tumour size 25 mm 22 mm

Offers positive recommendation

74% 95%

No change in employment 68% 69%

New balance problem 78% 7%

New onset tinnitus 57% 3%

New facial Nr Dysfunction 63% 10%

^ Martin etal Skull Base Surg 1996* Kondziolka et al J Neurosurg 2001

Patient acceptance & toxicity profile better with radiosurgery

(n=1553)

New symptoms

Hearing function preservation is possible with SRS

SRS for AN FU >5 yrs ; <10 yrs

Q. Radiosurgery met your expectation? YES 92%

Q. Was radiosurgery good treatment? YES 95%

Q. Will you recommend radiosurgery to any one? YES 95%

(n=115)

Patient satisfaction survey*

Kondziolka et al NEJM 1998

Conclusions

Koos I&II: (AN <2.5 cm)

Serviceable hearing function: SRS preferred

Non-serviceable hearing function: SRS or surgery

Koos III&IV: (Larger tumour/ brainstem compression)

Facial Nr preservation not possible: Surgery

Facial Nr Preservation possible: Surgery / Safe Surgery + SRS

Surgery not possible: FSRT

Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com

Practice survey: Neurosurgeons choice*37 yr male, 2.5 cm AN Unilateral symptomatic, serviceable hearing function

*Congress of Neurological Surgeons July 2002

Neurosurgeon’s age

(n=663)Copyright@www.radiosurgery-india.com