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REGIONS AND INNOVATION: COLLABORATING ACROSS BORDERS
XIV All-Russian Forum «Strategic Planning in the Regions and Cities of Russia» St Petersburg, 19 October 2015 Bill Tompson, Senior Counsellor & Deputy Head Regional Development Policy Division william.tompson@oecd.org
Innovation trends call for international collaboration
strategies
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 2 19 Oct 2015
Innovation-related collaboration increasingly global
International scientific co-publications tripling from 7% to 22% over 20 years. The share of regional co-patents with foreign inventors has doubled from 10% to 20% over 30 years.
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1985
1987
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Thousands
Internationalco-authorship
Single-institutionco-authorship
Domesticco-authorship
Single authorSource: OECD (2010), Measuring Innovation: A New Perspective, OECD Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264059474-en.
International scientific production
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 3 19 Oct 2015
Global value chains intensifying
Foreign value-added content of exports by country As a percent of total exports 1995 and 2009
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum
OECD-WTO: Statistics on Trade in Value Added, (database), doi: 10.1787/data-00648-en
4 19 Oct 2015
Location of co-patenting partner
But proximity still plays an important role in collaboration
Over 33% of R&D in the top 10% of large regions; 58% of patents in the top 10% of small regions
Spatial decay (150-200 km); neighbourhood effects; “cost” of the border increasing over time
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum
Source: OECD (2013), OECD Regions at a Glance, OECD Publishing,.
5 19 Oct 2015
OECD (2011) Regions and Innovation Policy, OECD Publishing, Paris based on Benneworth, P. and A. Dassen (2012), Strengthening Global-Regional Connectivity in Regional Innovation Strategies, Regional Development Working Papers, OECD Publishing, Paris.
Internal and international innovation system linkages to influence strategy
Inte
rnat
iona
l lin
kage
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Type of regional innovation system (RIS)
6 19 Oct 2015 St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum
Innovation policy to consider actors operating at different geographic scales
Geographic scales
• Cross-border co-operation (contiguous areas)
• Trans-national
co-operation • (macro-regions) • Inter-regional co-operation
(internationally)
Actors
• SME collaboration more localised than large firms
• Different university
orientations: global, national and regional
• Co-location more important
for market-oriented research impacts, inter-regional networks for scientific research (Attila et al, 2012)
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 7 19 Oct 2015
Evidence from recent OECD cross-border study
When, why and how to promote cross-border innovation policy 1. TTR-ELAt Region (Belgium,
Netherlands, Germany) 2. Helsinki-Tallinn (Finland,
Estonia) 3. Hedmark-Dalarna (Norway,
Sweden) 4. Bothnian Arc (Sweden,
Finland) 5. Ireland-Northern Ireland
(Ireland, UK) 6. Oresund (Denmark, Sweden)
19 Oct 2015 St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 8
Innovating beyond borders: Why and when to collaborate cross-border
Acting beyond borders • Innovation does not stop at the border
Borders as bridges
Borders as opportunities
Defining the functional area
Checking for the right conditions
• Openness cross-border goes hand-in-hand with better integration and competitiveness in global networks
• Benefit from proximity, critical mass, complementarity expertise, greater international attractiveness, etc.
• Data reveal the innovation-relevant “functional” region ≠ administrative region, resulting in variable geometry
• Checklist of ten conditions for a more or less favourable environment for cross-border regional innovation policy
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 9 19 Oct 2015
Defining a “functional” cross-border area for innovation support (can differ by function, technology)
High-tech systems Life sciences
Source: Competitiveness Indices: BAK Basel Economics, 2012
Mapping of technological competencies in the Top Technology Region/ Eindhoven-Leuven-Aachen triangle
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 10 19 Oct 2015
Ten conditions favourable to cross-border collaboration for innovation Framework conditions
1. Geographic accessibility
2. Socio-cultural proximity
3. Institutional context conditions
4. Cross-border integration
Innovation system conditions 5. Economic specialisation 6. Business innovation model
7. Knowledge infrastructure
8. Innovation system interactions
Governance and policy context 9. Governance 10. Policy mix Source: OECD (2013); inspired and adapted from Trippl (2009)
Several of these considerations are relevant for trans-national and inter-regional collaboration efforts
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 11 19 Oct 2015
Governing cross-border collaboration: Public and private engagement
Raise public interest at different government levels
• Each level of government (local, regional, national and even supra-national) has a role to play
Identify overarching vision
Demonstrate mutual benefit
Governance beyond government
Private sector engagement
• Need a common purpose to unify different actions
• Each side of the border will make its own assessment of the costs and benefits, and its share of these
• Use top-down and bottom-up levers, formal and informal governance that contribute to long-term relationships of trust
• Ensure the private sector takes a sufficiently prominent role in promoting the cross-border area
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 12 19 Oct 2015
Many innovation instruments used cross-border Some used on macro-regional / transnational basis
Strategy and policy development R&D support
Analytical exercises and mappings (mapping of clusters or value chains, technology foresight exercises)
Joint public research programmes
Benchmarking and policy learning Joint research infrastructure, shared access to
research facilities
Joint branding of the cross-border area Cross-border private R&D funding programmes (generic and thematic)
Technology transfer and innovation support Educated and skilled workers
Cross-border innovation advisory services (vouchers, intermediaries)
Scholarships/student exchanges
Advisory services to spin-off and knowledge-intensive start-ups
Joint university or other higher education programmes
Other technology transfer centres and extension programmes
Talent attraction and retention or mobility schemes
Cross-border labour market measures Science and technology parks and innovation networks
Other instruments
Cross-border science and technology parks Financing (venture capital funds or angel networks)
Cluster or network initiatives Public procurement/ border as a source of innovation/ innovation awards St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 13 19 Oct 2015
Ease of using cross-border instruments (Based on case study examples)
Easiest to implement
Attempts to allow funds from one country go to another (rare exceptions)
Certain innovation projects in highly regulated sectors (health, energy) • Albeit often those areas
have greatest potential for using border as source of innovation
International branding efforts often caught up in political sensibilities
Mixed results Most challenges observed
Cross-border linkages of firms with providers (e.g., innovation vouchers) Cluster-related support for areas of common competencies
Joint prioritised research
Access to shared S&T parks, scientific installations, joint centres
Broad-based university collaborations • researchers look for
excellence over proximity
• students need right framework conditions (diploma recognition, financing, etc.)
Firm networking and matchmaking; leading to collaboration?
Cross-border cluster initiatives
19 Oct 2015 St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 14
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
St Petersburg, XIV All-Russian Forum 15 19 Oct 2015
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