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By Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman (Wheat Research Centre, BARI) Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference 21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
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Conservation Practice and Fertilizer Management to Improve Productivity of Wheat-Maize-Rice Cropping
System in Coastal Uplands
Dr. Md. Ataur Rahman Wheat Research Centre, BARI
q 20% of total land are in coastal areas
q 53% (0.83 m ha) are affected by
different degrees of salinity
q Saline areas and intensity of slinity are gradually increasing
Introduction
Soil Salinity Map 1973 2009
Seasonal variation in water availability is very contrast
Salinity
Post paddy harvest field
Lac of quality irrigation water cause
Less Productivity and Less Cropping Intensity Coastal Region
How to Improve the Productivity of Coastal Soil ?
i. Introduction of saline tolerant crop variety
ii. Cultivation winter crops those require less water
iii. Reclamation of Soil Salinity through minimizing capillary movement.
iv. Reclamation of Soil Salinity through Mulching and tillage. Like -
Crop residue retention, Raise bed planting
v. Introduction of suitable cropping pattern.
Considering all these points
We Introduced an Intensive Triple Cereal System
Integrating crop varieties, conservation practice of bed, use of crop residue as mulch and fertilizer management
Objectives
v Introduce wheat-maize-rice cropping system in coastal uplands.
v Evaluate CA and fertilizer management in soil salinity remediation.
v Maximizing system productivity to contribute to food security of the farmers living in coastal regions of Bangladesh.
Materials and Methods Location : ARS, BARI, Shatkhira (22⁰43´N 89⁰06´E) Design : Split-plot Main plot : 3 levels of Nutrient management
1. Recommended fertilizers (RF) 2. RF+ 50% K and S 3. RF+ Ash @ 2.0 t/ha
Sub plot : 4 levels of Soil management 1. Conventional (Flat) 2. Flat+ Straw Mulch @ 3.0 t/ha 3. Bed planting 4. Bed+ Straw Mulch @ 3.0 t/ha
Materials and Methods (Cont) Test Crops : 3 Wheat- Variety : BARI GOM 25 Maize- BARI Hybrid Maize 7 Rice- BRRI Dhan 39 Starting with wheat sowing 2011 and ended with rice harvest in 2013 Recommended Fertilizer (RF): Wheat: N120 P30 K50 S20 B2 kg/ha Maize : N200 P50 K100 S40 Zn5 kg/ha Rice : N80 P25 K50 S20 kg/ha
Materials and Methods (Cont)
Nov Jan Mar
Feb Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct Dec
Rice Wheat
Maize
Accommodation of component crops in the system
Results
Treatment RF RF+KS RF+Ash Mean Flat 2.98 3.22 3.54 3.24 B
Flat + Mulch 3.44 3.67 3.78 3.63 A
Bed 3.09 3.29 3.63 3.34 B
Bed+ Mulch 3.70 3.89 4.14 3.91 A
Mean 3.30 b 3.52 ab 3.77 a
Interaction LSD (0.05)= 0.41
Table 1. Effect of fertilizers, conservation practices and their interactions on wheat yield (t/ha) Mean of 2 years
Mulch level (Rice Straw)
RLD (cm/cm3)
NUE (Agronomic)
Grain yield (t/ha)
Control 0.48 b 24.7 b 3.48 b
2.0 t/ha 0.57 ab 27.3 ab 3.80 ab
4.0 t/ha 0.66 a 30.6 a 4.14 a
Table 2. RLD, NUE and Grain yield of wheat under straw mulching
Rahman et al. 2011
Fig 2. Interaction effect of fertilizers and conservation practices maize yield (Mean of 2 years)
0
2
4
6
8
RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
Yiel
d (t/
ha)
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
B B + M
F + M F
RF
Fig 3. Salinity in surface soil (0-10 cm) in time influenced by different fertilizer levels
3 Dec 12
12 Dec 12
9 Mar 13
20 Mar 13
10 April 13
30 Dec 12
21 Jan 13
7 Feb 13
20 Dec 12
15 Feb 13
24 Feb 13
28 May 13
20 May 13
10 Jan 13
30 Jan 13
30 Mar 13
19 April 13
30 April 13
10 May 13
8 June 13
20 June 13
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
EC (d
s m
-1)
RF RF + KS RF + Ash
Wheat growing period
Maize growing period
3 Dec 12
12 Dec 12
9 Mar 13
20 Mar 13
10 April 13
30 Dec 12
21 Jan 13
7 Feb 13
20 Dec 12
15 Feb 13
24 Feb 13
28 May 13
20 May 13
10 Jan 13
30 Jan 13
30 Mar 13
19 April 13
30 April 13
10 May 13
8 June 13
20 June 13
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/12 1/13 1/14 1/15 1/16 1/17 1/18 1/19 1/20 1/21
EC (d
s m
-1)
Flat Flat + Mulch
Bed Bed + Mulch
Fig 4. Salinity in surface soil (0-10 cm) in time influenced by conservation practices
Wheat growing period
Maize growing period
Fig 1. Influence of CA treatments on Soil Moisture
IR
Rain
25 Nov 12
04 Dec 12
03 May 13
12 May 13
23 May 13
18 Dec 12
05 Jan 13
14 Dec 12
15 April 13
24 April 13
25 June 13
26 Jan 13
15 Jan 13
15 May 13
31 May 13
08 June 13
17 June 13
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
1/1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/5 1/6 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/10 1/11 1/12 1/13 1/14 1/15 1/16 1/17 1/18
Soil
Moi
sture
(% w
t.)
Conventional ConservationBed Bed + Conservation
Wheat early growth stages Maize early growth & vegetative stages
85 cm of rain in 3 weeks
(Rahman et al. 2013)
IR IR
IR
Fig. 5: Interaction effect of fertilizers and conservation practices on rice yield (1st year 2012)
Treatment RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash Mean
Flat 4.68 4.25 5.26 4.73 B
Flat + Mulch 5.12 4.47 5.85 5.16 A
Bed 4.72 4.34 5.17 4.74 B
Bed+ Mulch 5.22 4.52 5.68 5.13 A
Mean 4.94 b 4.40 c 5.50 a
Interaction LSD (0.05)= 0.40
Table 3. Effect of fertilizers, conservation practices and their interaction on rice yield in 2nd year
Table 3. Effect of fertilizers, conservation practices and their interaction on rice yield in 2nd year
Treatment RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash Mean
Flat 4.68 4.25 5.26 4.73 B
Flat + Mulch 5.12 4.47 5.85 5.16 A
Bed 4.72 4.34 5.17 4.74 B
Bed+ Mulch 5.22 4.52 5.68 5.13 A
Mean 4.94 b 4.40 c 5.50 a
Interaction LSD (0.05)= 0.40
Now the BIG Question?
Nutrient availability under triple cereal system
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
OM
(%)
0.06
0.065
0.07
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
Tot
al N
(%)
10
11
12
13
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
P (µ
g/g)
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
K (m
eq/1
00g)
8
9
10
11
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
Ca
(meq
/100
g)
2.5
2.75
3
3.25
3.5
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
Mg
(meq
/100
g)
106
110
114
118
122
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
S (µ
g/g)
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
2.5
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
Zn
(µg/
g)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Initial RF RF+ KS RF+ Ash
B (µ
g/g)
Fig 6. Nutrient contents in soil after two cycle of cropping as affected by fertilizer levels in reference to initial soil
OM N P
S
Mg K Ca
Zn B
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
OM
(%)
0.06
0.065
0.07
0.075
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
Tot
al N
(%)
9
10
11
12
13
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
P (µ
g/g)
8
9
10
11
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
Ca
(meq
/100
g)
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
K (m
eq/1
00g)
2.5
2.75
3
3.25
3.5
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
Mg
(meq
/100
g)
106
110
114
118
122
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
S (µ
g/g)
1.5
1.75
2
2.25
2.5
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
Zn
(µg/
g)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
Flat Flat+Mulch Bed Bed+Mulch
B (µ
g/g)
Fig 7. Nutrient contents in soil after two cycle of cropping as affected by conservation practices
OM N P
K Ca Mg
S Zn B
Conclusion v Use of Ash with recommended fertilizers and straw
mulching resulted higher yields of component crops by eliminating several constraints including salinity and favoring plant growth factors including nutrient availability.
v Bed planting alone was ineffective in controlling salinity; But much application either in bed or flat was equally effective.
v Soil nutrients were not decreased due to triple cereal system rather it was improved when ash and straw mulch was applied.
Due attention is needed to improve the productivity of coastal uplands using the locally available resources of Ash and crop residues as mulch.
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