vegetable

TRAINING

ON

VEGETABLE PRODUCTION

• Vegetable Gardening

- Ti kayat na sahwen ket “panagplano ken panaggaramid iti garden tapnu adda pagmulaan.

- Ti panag mula iti nateng ket dakkel iti maitened na kanyatayo.

- Libre ti pagalan iti nasusustansya nga sidaen nga gulay.

- Makatulong para iti nutrisyon iti bag-bagi tayo.

Step para iti Vegetable Gardening

1. Panangisagana iti Seedling Tray-2:1:1 nauging nga ipa, garden soil ken darat -Mangikabel iti 1 nga bukel Kada maysa nga abot iti seedling Tray.

• Sibugan kada aldaw. Agsibug iti fungicide tapnu maiwasan iti panagpatay ti mula.

• Agsibug ken Mangtunaw ti 4 nga kutsara nga crop giant fertilizer iti 16 nga litro nga danum mapalabas ti 7 nga aldaw.• 10 tbsp/ 16 liter mapalabas ulit iti 7 nga aldaw.

2. HARDENING/PANAGPATANGKEN ITI MULA

• 3-6 Days bago imula Agijay seedling.

3. Panangisagana iti pagpalakayan nga kama.

Mangaramid iti kama nga eksaktoLang nga pagmurumuran iti bukel.

• Panangisagana iti Garden Plots/kama nga pagmulaan.

- 1 m by 10 meter- rukud ti kama.- Gabyunen ken pinuen je Daga kalpasan iti panagpa-Lakay kadagiti bukel.Iksaktun to nga nagtubu ken dim-madakkel dagijay bukel. Ikkaten dagiti bato wenu anya man nga rugit idjay rabaw ti plots/kamatapnu haan nga makaperdi iti maikabel

• 20 to 30 cm ti kangatu na, ken 30 cm ti kaadayu ti tunggal kama.

• Kabilan ti organik nga abono, kasla kadagiti takki ti manok, compost, inuging nga ipa ken dijay basal nga commercial nga abono.

• PANAGKABIT ITI PLASTIC MULCH- Agkayas iti bayug ngaMaaramat nga pag Step-ler. Iistep-ler je Pungtu iti plastic mulch Santu ilapag ken ibuklatIdjay rabaw ti plot o kamaKada 25 nga centimetro istepleran je plastic mulch.

• Ikabel ti plastic mulch bago iti panagmula.

Dagiti Nateng Nga Maimula

• TARUNG/EGGPLANT/TALONG• Ti tarung ke napintas para Iti tulang, lappedan na iti osteoporosis, pababaenna ti symtomas ti anemia,

pampalaing, tumulong nga nalasun at je baby nu maiyanak. Ken daduma pay.

• PANAGMULA TI TARUNG- 4 weeks mabalin nga Imula je seedlings nan.- 5 to 7 days nga ipatangken ti mula (hardening)- 70 cm pagitan ti mula, - 60 cm pagitan ti iras.- Kalyen je pagmulaan itikagudwa nga dangan ti Diametro je Abot na ken kinauneg na.

Days after Transplanting Method of Application Fertilizer Material Amount

0, 3, 5 Drench Dissolved CaNO3 or 18-46-0 7.5 g/ 1 L water

7 Side-dress Complete 15.0g/ hill

21 Side-dress Urea 15.0 g/ hill

35 days and succeeding appl'n at 2-3 weeks interval

Side-dress Equal ratio of Urea and 0-0-60 or Complete

20.0 g/ hill

PANAGAPPLAY ITI ABONOThe following is the recommended fertilization schedule.

Note: 1 tbsp = 10.0 grams

Ibaba ti panagaplaay ti abono nu bumaketen je mula.

• PAGPUKSA ITI PESTE TI TARUNGShoot and fruit borer (Butbot)

• Cut Worm (limas/ harabas)

• Red Spider Mite (Kuto)

• Thrips

• Bukkalen nga nalaeng je daga ken pinuen, ikkaten dagiti ruut tapnu awan pagyanan dagiti insecto.

• Agmonitor nga kanayon, putiden/ikkaten dagiti nataman nga parte, ikali dagitoy.

• Dalusan ken Agmula ti Marigold.• Ag-spray iti agas nga adda Carbaryl o

lambdacyhalothrin o methomyl na nga active ingredient.

• PANAGAPIT- Malpas ti 58 nga aldaw mabalin nga apitinen ti

tarung, depende daytoy iti barayti.- Nu haan ke 2 to 3 nga weeks kalpasan ti

panagsabung na mabalin nga ipitenen dijay bunga nga.

- Aggamit iti kutchilyo wennu kartib. Mabalin nga mamimsan o maminduwa nga agapit kada maysa nga week.

• KAMATIS/TOMATO

• Pampalinnaw iti panagkita,• Pampababa iti blood Pressure ken diabetes.• Protectaran na ti kidney ken pampapintas ti

kutis.• Pababaen na ti taba iti bagi.• Papintasen na ti panag circular ti dara.• Ken damduma pay..

• PANAGMULA ITI KAMATIS• 15-21 days ti mapalabas kalpasan iti panag palakay mabalin nga iyakar je seed-Lings idjay garden o kama. Wennu adda ti 5 inches nga katayagen wennu atlis adda ti 3-5 true leaves.• 50 cm pagitan ti rows o iras, 70 cm pagitan ti mula.

• PANAGPADANUM- Padanuman ti mula inggana makarecover.- Agsibug iti mula nu kasapulan.• Panangikabel iti Trellis- Agaramid iti bayug wennu anya man nga mabalin

nga pagtungkal iti mula. Agbilang ti 14 nga aladaw manipud panagiyakar iti mula, ikabit dagiti naaramid nga pagtungkal samu igalut je mula gamit iti liting wennu plastic straw.

• PANAG-ABONO

1st sidedressing 2 Weeks After Transplanting 1.0 tbsp (16-16-16) + 1.0 tbsp (0-18-0)/plant

2nd sidedressing 4 Weeks After Transplanting 1.5 tbsp (16-16-16) + 0.5 tbsp (0-0-60)/plant

3rd sidedressing 6 Weeks After Transplanting 1.5 tbsp (16-16-16) + 0.5 tbsp (0-0-60)/plant

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 10 grams. 14-14-14 may used as substitute for 16-16-16

• DAGITI PESTE KEN SAKIT TI KAMATIS• Uod ng Kamatis (Tomato fruit worm)

• PANAGAPIT• Mabalin nga apitin ti kamatis makalipas ti 50 to

55 days.

• TRANSPLANTING

• Seedlings should be hardened 5-7 days before transplanting by decreasing the amount of water and exposing them to direct sunlight. This acclimatizes and prepares the plant to withstand harsh condition in the field.• Seedlings will be ready for transplanting four

to five weeks after sowing.

• Create holes in the plots measuring the recommended planting distance. A plot contain 2 rows of hole, holes should be in zigzag views.

• Irrigate the field before transplanting. Transplant the seedlings at 0.70 m between hills by 0.50 meter between furrows. From the seedling tray, carefully remove the seedlings with the soil and the roots intact to facilitate crop recovery and minimize transplanting shock. It is recommended to do the transplanting in the afternoon.

• When transplanting in beds, distribute each seedling into the prepared hills and cover with soil.

Days after Transplanting Method of Application Fertilizer Material Amount

0, 3, 5 Drench Dissolved CaNO3 or 18-46-0 7.5 g/ 1 L water

7 Side-dress Complete 15.0g/ hill

21 Side-dress Urea 15.0 g/ hill

35 days and succeeding appl'n at 2-3 weeks interval

Side-dress Equal ratio of Urea and 0-0-60 or Complete

20.0 g/ hill

FERTILIZATIONThe following is the recommended fertilization schedule.

Note: 1 tbsp is approximately 10.0 grams

Reduce fertilizer application when plants are soon to be terminated.

HARVESTING• Harvest the fruits once they have reached

sufficient size for marketing (usually 2-3 weeks after flowering). Harvesting is done carefully by hand or using a sharp knife, with the calyx attached to the fruit. This could be done once or twice a week, preferably early in the morning.

B. TOMATO/KAMATIS• The health benefits of tomatoes include improved eye sight, good stomach health, and reduced bloodpressure, as well as relief from diabetes, skin problems and urinary tract infections. Furthermore, tomatoes can increase digestion, stimulate blood circulation, reduce cholesterol levels, improve fluid balance, protect the kidneys, prevent premature aging, and reduce inflammation and related conditions. • Tomatoes consist of a large number of antioxidants

that have been proven to fight different forms of cancer. It is a rich source of vitamins and minerals and exerts a protective effect against cardiovascular diseases.

PLANTING/TRANSPLANTING• Seedlings can be transplanted 15-21 days after

sowing when the seedlings are about 5 inches tall or when seedlings have at least 3-5 true leaves.

• Transplanting can be done anytime of the day especially in cool areas or when the tomatoes have been hardened. In hot areas/days, however, planting is usually done late in the afternoon around 3:00 PM when the heat is less intense to minimize transpiration of the seedlings which permit them to recover faster.

• Press the soil around the plant base for faster root establishment. Irrigate the field as soon as possible.

• Scatter Furadan around the base of the plants to control sucking and chewing insects. Damping off and other fungal diseases attacking the roots can be prevented by drenching with fungicide.

• In 1 meter wide beds with double rows, planting distance is 0.5 m between hills and 0.75 m between rows. In areas using the single row system, the distance between rows is about 1.5 meters while the distance between hills is 0.4 m.

WATERING• Water newly transplanted seedlings daily until they

have recovered (1-2 weeks).• After seedling recovery, irrigation maybe done only

when the soil gets dry which is usually at 7-10 days interval depending on soil type and weather conditions.

TRELLISING• This is usually done 2 weeks after transplanting or

just before flowering. Any system of trellising with the use of available materials (bamboo, ipil-ipil, etc.) can be adopted as long as the fruits are raised from the soil to prevent fungal disease development especially on the fruits.

1st sidedressing 2 Weeks After Transplanting 1.0 tbsp (16-16-16) + 1.0 tbsp (0-18-0)/plant

2nd sidedressing 4 Weeks After Transplanting 1.5 tbsp (16-16-16) + 0.5 tbsp (0-0-60)/plant

3rd sidedressing 6 Weeks After Transplanting 1.5 tbsp (16-16-16) + 0.5 tbsp (0-0-60)/plant

FERTILIZATION

1 tablespoon (tbsp) = 10 grams. 14-14-14 may used as substitute for 16-16-16

Fertilization may vary depending on soil analysis and stand of the crop.

HARVESTING• Harvesting of tomatoes can be done anytime

of the day but it is best harvested in the morning when there is less transpiration and moisture loss of the fruits. Tomato fruits should kept under shade right after picking. Harvest the fruits at a 3-4 day interval. AT least 7-8 harvests can be done using a determinate type.

C. SWEET PEPPER• All peppers are rich in vitamins A, C, and K, but

red peppers are simply bursting with them. Antioxidant vitamins A and C help to prevent cell damage, cancer, and diseases related to aging, and they support immune function. They also reduce inflammation like that found inarthritis and asthma. Vitamin K promotes proper blood clotting, strengthens bones, and helps protect cells from oxidative damage.

• Red peppers are a good source of the carotenoid called lycopene, which is earning a reputation for helping to prevent prostate cancer as well ascancer of the bladder, cervix, and pancreas. Beta-cryptoxanthin, another carotenoid in red peppers, is holding promise for helping to prevent lung cancer related to smoking and secondhand smoke.

TRANSPLANTING• Under good condition, four weeks-old

seedling with 4-5 true leaves is ready for transplanting. Transplant late in the afternoon

• Irrigate immediately to establish good root-soil contact

• If there is intense heat, fill the hole with soil up to the level of plastic mulch.

• Make holes just before transplanting; 2 rows at around 50cm apart at 45cm between hills.

IRRIGATION• Sweet pepper is less tolerant to drought.

Irrigate weekly during dry season. Closer interval when evaporation is high or when crop is flowering and/or setting fruit.

• Furrow or Drip irrigation is recommended. If overhead irrigation is used, avoid late afternoon or evening irrigation.

• On rainy season, drain fields quickly after heavy rain

FERTILIZATIONTwo weeks after transplanting • 1.5 bag 46-0-0 or 3.25 bags 21-0-0 per

hectare. Apply 10 grams in small hole near the base and cover with soil.

Four weeks after transplanting • Mix 0.5 bag 46-0-0, 2 bags 18-46-0, 2.5 bags 0-

0-60 and apply 10 grams per hill. Dibble a hole 10 cm from the base of the plant, place the fertilizer mix and cover with soil.

Six weeks after transplanting • apply 2 bags 46-0-0 or 4.5 bags 21-0-0

whatever fertilizer is available. Place in a hole 10cm from the base and cover with soil

1. Repeat application if in 2 weeks interval if plants are still vigorous and healthy to prolong harvest period2. Apply foliar fertilizer to boost plant and further increase yield.

TRELLISING & WEEDING• Construct trellis using bamboo poles or stake

at 2.5 meters apart on both sides of the bed.• Attach G.I. wire to bamboo post and tie

sagging stems and branches on G.I. wire using twine or blue string.

• Do hand weeding when needed.

HARVESTING• Harvest in the morning. Depending on the

market requirements, harvest green or breaker stage at 3-4 days interval.

D. AMPALAYA/BITTER GOURD

The fruit is composed of a mixture of flavonoids and alkaloids which make the pancreas produce insulin that controls the blood sugar levels in diabetics. Aside from its touted medicinal value, it's also a very wonderful source of vitamins A, B and C, iron, folic acid, phosphorous and calcium.

PRE-GERMINATION• Moisten a clean piece of cloth made up of cotton.

Water must be just enough to wet the cloth. Make sure that it is not too wet or too dry. Lack of water inhibits imbibitions, while too much water can cause fungal infection which may lead to rotting of seeds.

• Spread the seeds in the moistened cloth and roll it. Place it in dark and properly ventilated area.

• Keep the cloth moist at all times and make sure that it is not too wet.

• After 5 days, sow the seeds in the field or on seedling trays at 2cm deep.

SOWING IN TRAY• It is recommended to use high quality seedling

medium such as peat moss. Or prepare a seedling medium by mixing garden soil, sand, and compost at a 2:1:1.

• Fill the holes of the trays with the seedling medium and then water.

• Make a hole 2 cm deep and carefully sow the seeds. Cover lightly with soil just enough to cover the seeds.

• Keep the trays in a secure and well lighted area, preferably under the sun but with black net on top.

• Keep the trays in a secure and well lighted area, preferably under the sun but with black net on top.

• When needed, fertilize seedlings by dissolving 30 grams of calcium nitrate in 16 L water and drench seedlings (avoid splashing the leaves to prevent leaf burning). Initial drenching can be done when 2 true leaves appear and can be repeated weekly if necessary.

• Eight to ten days after sowing, seedlings are hardened for 3 days by exposing the seedlings directly under the sun, giving less water and no more fertilization.

• After hardening, seedlings are now ready for transplanting.

TRANSPLANTING• Water the seedlings in the tray in the morning.• Start transplanting late in the afternoon (2 PM

onwards) to avoid extreme heat and high temperature during noontime minimizing transplanting shock.

• Push out the seedling lightly by pressing the bottom of the seedling tray. Avoid pulling out hardly that will cause damage to the roots of the seedlings.

• Transplant the seeds into planting hole.• Water or irrigate newly transplanted seedlings daily

for 2 weeks after transplanting or until the seedling are well-established in the field.

TRELLISING• Start putting up the trellis two weeks after

emergence. Do not delay trellising because plants grow very fast. Using Bamboo/Ipil-Ipil/Kakawati poles, erect the trellis approximately 2 meters in height and about 2.5 meters spacing along rows. Poles are then interconnected with G. I. wires (#16) then grid of blue string or trellising net (fish net) are vertically placed along posts in rows where vines could climb and horizontally on top where vine could crawl side ways.

PRUNING• The practice of pruning differs from place to place. Pruning

is done by cutting the lateral branches when the plant reaches the height of 1.5 – 2m. After which, succeeding laterals are allowed to grow on the overhead trellis.

Advantages:• Less expense for trellising materials (almost no side trellis).• Good fruit quality.• Generate extra income from pruned tops.• Longer life span of the crop.Disadvantages:• Delayed harvesting since only fruits from the overhead

trellis are allowed to develop.• Additional labor cost on pruning.

Application Method Timing of Application

Chicken/cow dung (kg)

Calcium Nitrate (kg)

14-14-14 (kg)

00-60 (kg)

46-0-0 (kg)

Spread/incorporate During bed preparation

8250

Basal (incorporate in beds)

During bed preparation

300 300

Drench 7 DAT* 2.5

Drench 14 DAT* 5 50

Side dress # 1 21 DAT* 10 50

Side dress # 2 35 DAT* 150 10 50

Side dress # 3 49 DAT* 150

Side dress # 4 63 DAT* 100

Side dress # 5 77 DAT* 100

TOTAL 8250 7.5 800 20 150

FERTILIZATION

IRRIGATION/WATER MANAGEMENT• Irrigate only when necessary since bitter

gourd does not like too much water. During dry season, it is advised to irrigate plants 3-5 day interval. A good drainage is best especially in the lowland areas.

WEED CONTROL• Weeds are controlled by the use of plastic

mulch, however, on uncovered areas, weeds will still grow and needs to be pulled-out or sprayed with herbicides.

HARVESTING• Marketable fruits can be harvested at around

45-50 days after sowing. Fruits that are fully developed are thick, green, and juicy. Harvest frequently with an interval of 2-4 days since the fruit ripens easily. Cut the fruit stem using a sharp knife or scissor. It is best to harvest the fruits early in the morning.

E. OKRA

Okra might not be the most conventional vegetable in the garden, but its rich content of vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A, B, C, E, and K, as well as calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and zinc. Furthermore, okra contains high levels of mucilaginous fiber.

Okra contains a very high content of vitamin A, as well as antioxidant components like beta carotenes, xanthein, and lutein. Vitamin A antioxidants are also able to protect skin health, by promoting quicker healing, reducing the appearance of scars and acne, and eliminating wrinkles. High in vitamin C content that boost general immune system. Okra is a good source of potassium, which is an essential aspect of human health. Potassium is necessary to maintain proper fluid balance in the body, because it balances sodium.

TRANSPLANTING• Make plots 1 m wide for two row planting.

Distance between rows is 0.75 m. Apply 1 kg/m2 fully decomposed chicken manure. For clay soils, incorporate rice hull and composed liberally.

• Plant Okra by direct seeding. Soak the seeds in the warm water overnight to the hasten germination.

• Air dry . • Soe 2-3 seeds/hill, 1 cm deep with a distance of 20

cm between hills and 25 cm between rows. Maintain only 2 seedlings/hill. Pull out excess seedling and repalnt missing hills.

FERTILIZATION

• Apply 1kg/m2 fully decomposed chicken manure during bed preparation. At planting 19g/hill 14-14-14 as basal fertilization. Thirty days after emergence, sidedress with 10 G/hill 46-0-0.

WATER MANAGEMENT

• Water the plants regularly. Use furrow irrigation or depending on the soil moisture and season.

PEST AND DESEASE MANGEMENT

Major pest of okra are green leafhoppers,fruit and stem borer, jassid and stink bug. To minimize pest incedent, avoid monocropping.

• Plant different crops like corn and legumes arund the area. • Grow aromatic crops such as marigold,ginger,basil,lemon grass and, alluim to repel insects. • Grow flowering plants like sunflower, cosmos, as border rows to attract beneficial insects.

powdery mildew

• Spray pesticide with recommended rates• To control disease such as Cercospora blight,powdery mildew, and fruits rot. Remove infected plants parts, spray with compost tea and tea manure, prune excess leaves to improve air circulation, and water in the morning. Intercrop with marigold to minimized root damage due to nematodes.

Fruit Rot

HARVESTING

• Okra pods are ready for harvest when these about 10-12 cm long or while the pod is young,tender and snappy. Use sharp knife or pruning shears during harvesting. The young pods should be gathered everyday.

• To facilitate harvesting and control, prune all the leaves below the lowest fruit at regular intervals. A well manage okra can be harvested 40 - 45 times in one cropping season.

End…………………………….

THANK YOU

AND

GODSPEED!