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FLORENCE POULAIN, FAO
GRAEME MACFADYEN, POSEIDON
This presentation will
1. Explore some of the specificities of F&A
2. Explore potential sources of baseline data
3. Consider some of the impacts of different types of disasters on F&A
4. Consider the extent to which methodologies include/capture different aspects of effects
5. Provide a few thoughts on stressors
6. Provide some conclusions regarding the implications for FAO’s proposed information system on D&L
Some specificities of fish/aqua (1)
1. Fishing = Important sector for income and for food/proteins and micronutrients
2. Marine and inland fisheries, and aquaculture very different from each other
3. Renewable but finite resources.
4. Lack of fisheries data – esp. SSF
1. Significant production from SSF marketed through informal channels
2. Mobility and geographically remoteness
3. Fishers-farmers-herders
5. Fisheries often activity of ‘last resort’…common property resource
Some specificities of fish/aqua (2)
8. Multi-gear and multi-species fishers
9. Gender: women almost always exclusively in post harvest (90%)
10. May be especially important in SIDS, which are often more vulnerable to disasters
11. Some types of disasters impact exclusively on fisheries e.g. oil and chemical spills at sea
12. Fish resource unchanged for some types of disaster but may be huge economic losses
Global sources of baseline datamaintained by FAO
Capture Production 1950-2014
Aquaculture Production (Quantities and values) 1950-2014
Fisheries Commodities Production and Trade 1976-2013
Consumption on fish and fishery products (1961-2013)
Fishery fleet and employment (Selected statistics up to 2014)
Code of conduct for responsible fisheries -Questionnaire
Country profiles (e.g. FACP, NASO)
Regional sources of baseline data
Potential national sources of baseline data for fisheries and aquaculture1. Ministry fisheries statistical yearbooks (typically by
region/province for no.s and types of vessels and gear, production vol and val, imp/exp, fish prices, etc)
2. Representative producer/marketing organisations
3. Frame surveys (less frequent)
4. Catch logbooks (typically larger vessels, geo-ref)
5. Customs data on imports and exports
6. Surveillance data (e.g. VMS) - geo-ref
7. Company accounts and tax records (often larger companies only)
8. Ports and fish market records
9. Project reports
Impacts of different natural disasters on fisheries and aquaculture
1. Flooding: good for fisheries where known, bad for aquaculture
2. Storms/wind/waves: little impact on fish in land-based aquaculture, damage to assets in harbours and gear/aquaculture investments at sea , inability to go to sea (especially for SSF)
3. Drought: fisheries often not incorporate d into assessments but floodplain fisheries critical for livelihoods in many areas. Big impact on aquaculture
4. All: access to inputs and markets. Temporal and scale aspects may mean impacts don’t show in national level production or trade data…e.g. FAO Sendai submission and Aceh (97% vs 0.1%)
Impacts of different other disasters on fisheries and aquaculture
1. Geological hazards: earthquakes =>tsunami
2. Biological: aquaculture epidemics, fisheries fish kills
3. Technological: oil and chemical spills, nuclear – fish kills, but often bigger market impacts in rebuilding consumer trust/prices (e.g. BP Horizon, Japan nuclear)
4. Complex emergencies: access to inputs and markets, may be less impact on marine fisheries than other sectors (exceptions – e.g. Palestine, Sri Lanka), but profound impact on inland fisheries and aquaculture
5. Fires: none?
Stressors
Impacts varying by region and adaptive capacity of
fish and ecosystems to respond to the physical
changes above
Global
Warming
Physical Changes in oceans,
lakes and rivers,
including…
Heat content
and
temperature
Salinity Sea level
rise &
change in
lake levels
& river
flows
Acidificati
on &
chemical
changes
Ocean
circulation
and
upwelling
Sediment
levels
Frequency
and
severity of
extreme
events
Low
frequency
climate
variability
e.g. ENSO
Impacts on fish and
ecosystems, including…
Physiological,
spawning &
recruitment
processes of
fish
Primary
production e.g.
diatoms and
phytoplankton
Secondary
production
e.g.
zooplankton
Distribution
of fish
(permanent
&
migrations)
Abundance
of fish
Phenology
e.g. timing of
natural
phenomena
Species
invasion
and
disease
Food web
impacts
Impacts varying by region/location
Effects on fishers, livelihoods,
trade, and wider
economy/society
Ability of methods to capture issuesmethod PDNA
Re-insurance
EM-DAT ModelsNat. Prod.
TradeStressors
Upstream, fisheries/aquaculture, downstream sub-sectors
Up and
downstream
Partial
No No Yes
Up and
downstrea
m No
Up and
production
sectors No
?
Numbers affected (persons, HH, gender)
Partial No No Yes No No ?
Damages (numbers and $ of assets, private/community/government)
Generally
YesNo No Yes No No ?
Losses (in economic flows, vol and $ of sales)
Often No No No Yes Yes Yes ?
Impacts (human, social, financial, and natural capital)
Not
quantitatively
if at all
No No Yes No No ?
Food and nutrition securityNot
quantitatively
if at all
No No Yes Yes Yes ?
Thoughts, implications, and conclusions
1. Concerns about minimum variables to be included in the information system
2. FAO may need to engage with improving data available from different sources and implementation of the various methodologies
3. Some methodologies, like stressors, require much work and still largely to be explored
4. Sendai framework indicators require inclusion of fisheries and aquaculture, and ideally should include indirect losses
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