Mscict ns&i telecom fundamentals

Barcelona School of ManagementMaster of Science in IT Strategic Management – MSCIT

Networking Services & Infrastructures

1.- Telecom Fundamentals

ramon.palacio@gmail.com September 2014

Network Infrastructures and Internet Technologies1.- Telecom fundamentalsIndex

Signals

Frequency domain & spectrum

Transmission

Modulation

Multiplexing

Transmission media

Switching: circuit & packet

Architectural layers: OSI & TCP/IP

Protocols

Standardization bodies

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSignals

Analog

Digital

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSignal parameters

Amplitude

Frequency

Wavelength

Phase

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFrequency domain

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSpectrum, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency

Frequency Bands

VHF

UHF

Microwave

Infrared

Visible

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAcoustic spectrum

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission & channels Transmission modes

Simplex

Half duplex

Full duplex

Digital aggregation

Bit

Byte

Frame

Packet

Cell

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission parameters

Transmission parameters Asynchronous & Synchronous

Attenuation,

Noise,

Delay,

Results Analog degradation

Digital errors

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresChannel parameters Chanel parameters

Fourier analysis – Frequency domain

Spectrum – Bandwidth

Data rate – Bandwidth

Channel capacity, Nyquist Bandwidth (without noise)

For binary signals, the data rate that can be supported by B Hz is 2B bps

With multilevel signaling, the Nyquist formula becomes: C = 2B log2M

Shannon Capacity (with noise)

SNRdb=10 log10 (signal/noise)

Capacity C = B log2(1+SNR)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAddition of frequencies

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresModulation

Analog & Digital Amplitude, Frequency & Phase

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresModulation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAnalogical modulation

AM Amplitude Modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude_modulation

FM Frequency Modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation

PM Phase Modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_modulation

QAM Quadrature AM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAmplitude and Frequency Analogical modulation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDigital modulation

ASK Amplitude Shift Keying

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude-shift_keying

FSK Frequency Shift Keying

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying

PSK Phase Shift Keying

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-shift_keying

Digital QAM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDigital modulation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM two-bit (PSK)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM three-bit (ASK + PSK)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresQAM four-bit (ASK + PSK)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMultiplexing

TDM & FDM

TDM Time Divison Multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing

FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTime Division Multiplexing

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFrequency Division Multiplexing

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAsynchronous TDM – ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM vs ATM

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresPlesyochronous TDM multiplexing - PDH

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSynchronous TDM multiplexing - SDH

Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET) and Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) are standardized protocols that transfer multiple digital bit streams synchronously over optical fiber using lasers or highly coherent light from light-emitting diodes (LEDs).

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSDH Hierarchies

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSDH Synchronous Ring

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresAsynchronous vs. Synchronous multiplexing

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMultiplexing (other)

OFDM Orthogonal frequency Division Multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing

CDMA Code Division MA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access

DWDM- Dense wavelength multiplexing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavelength-division_multiplexing

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOFDM - Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

OFDM is a method of encoding digital data on multiple carrier frequencies (used in adsl & 4G)

A large number of closely spaced orthogonal sub-carrier signals are used to carry data on several parallel data streams or channels.

Each sub-carrier is modulated with a conventional modulation scheme (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or phase-shift keying) at a low symbol rate, maintaining total data rates similar to conventional single-carrier modulation schemes in the same bandwidth.

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOFDM

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCDMA – Code Division Multiple Access

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCDMA

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDWDM – (Dense) Wave length multiplexing

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTDM vs. WDM

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTDM vs. WDM vs. OFDM

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresMixed TDM & OFDM

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTransmission media

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCupper pair cable

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresTwisted-pair cupper standards

Class A: link/channel up to 100 kHz using Category 1 cable/connectors

Class B: link/channel up to 1 MHz using Category 2 cable/connectors

Class C: link/channel up to 16 MHz using Category 3 cable/connectors

Class D: link/channel up to 100 MHz using Category 5e cable/connectors

Class E: link/channel up to 250 MHz using Category 6 cable/connectors

Class EA: link/channel up to 500 MHz using Category 6A cable/connectors (Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)

Class F: link/channel up to 600 MHz using Category 7 cable/connectors

Class FA: link/channel up to 1000 MHz using Category 7A cable/connectors (Amendment 1 and 2 to ISO/IEC 11801, 2nd Ed.)

Class I: link/channel up to between 1600 MHz and 2000 MHz using Category 8.1 cable/connectors (specification under development)

Class II: link/channel up to between 1600 MHz and 2000 MHz using Category 8.2 cable/connectors (specification under development)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCoaxial cupper cable

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber. Refraction and total reflexion

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber - types

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber – refraction index

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOptical fiber windows

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSwitching (and Routing)

Circuit switching

Packet switching Datagrams Virtual circuit

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresSwitching

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresCircuit switching

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresPacket switching (datagram & virtual circuit)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresDatagram

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit process

MSCIT - Networking Services & Infrastructures

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresArchitectural Layers

OSI Model

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model

TCP/IP Stack

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI (open systems interconnection) Layers

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI functions

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI communication

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI Network

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI Model vs. TCP/IP Stack

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresOSI vs. TCP/IP vs. Ethernet models

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork protocol functions (at different layers)

Establishing and closing connections Addressing Sequencing Data error control Flow control

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetwork protocol meaning

Layer 2: Local link, with local meaning (many circuits a t a time)

Layer 3: Local link with end to end meaning (only one circuit)

Layer 4: End to end communication (one circuit)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresVirtual circuit establishing and closing

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection & correction

Detection and retransmission used in communications Correction used in memory writing

Always with redundancy Parity check

Polynomial check with CRC (cyclic redundancy check)

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection & correction. Example

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection. CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresError detection. CRC generation

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFlow control

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresFlow control at diferent levels

Can be at

Layer 2: All the channels in the link , when this layer 2 has congestion

Layer 3: a channel in the link (because other “distant layer 2” may have congestion that affects this circuit)

Layer 4: end to end congestion

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresStandardization Bodies (1)

UIT – ITU

http://www.itu.int/en/Pages/default.aspx ISO

http://www.iso.org/iso/home.html IEEE

https://www.ieee.org/index.html 3GPP

http://www.3gpp.org/

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresStandardization Bodies (2) ETSI European

http://www.etsi.org/

FCC USA

http://www.fcc.gov/

OFCOM UK

http://www.ofcom.org.uk/

ISOC Internet Society

http://www.internetsociety.org/

MSCIT - Networking Services & InfrastructuresNetworks ….

Types: LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, Topologies: Star, Bus, Ring, Tree, Mesh, Signals: Voice, Data, TV, Sensors, Fixed services, mobile services,

…..to be continued…..