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Mars RoverCuriosity
• Operator : NASA International team• Website : mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/• Mission duration : 1453 days (as of July 29, 2016)• Manufacturer : Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL),
Boeing, Lockheed Martin• Dry mass : 899 kg• Launch date : November 26, 2011, 15:02:00
UTC• Landing date : August 6, 2012, 05:17:57 UTC • Dimension : 2.9m (l) x 2.7m (w) x 2.2m (h)
History of Rovers
Name Country
Description Date
Lunokhod 0 Russia (Soviet Union)
- Intended to be the first roving remote-controlled robot on the Moon
- Crashed during a failed start
19 February 1969
Name Country
Description Date
Lunokhod 1 Russia (Soviet Union)
- first roving remote-controlled robot on the Moon
- Used to analyse the lunar soil
17 November 1970 (landed) – 14 September 1971 (last contacted)
Name Country
Description Date
Apollo 15 USA - Apollo Lunar Roving Vehicle
- Analyses the surface material of moon
30 July 1971 (landed) – 2 August 1971 (Depart)
Apollo 16 USA 21 April 1972 (landed) – 24 April 1972 (Depart)
Apollo 17 USA 11 December 1972 (landed) – 14 December 1972 (Depart)
Name Country
Description Date
Lunokhod 2 Russia - Second roving remote-controlled robot on the Moon
- Used to analyse the lunar soil
15 January 1973 (landed) – September 1974 (final contact)
Name Country
Description Date
Prop-M Rover Russia (Soviet Union)
- A small 4.5kg Mars rover connected to Soviet Mars 2 or 3 (Mars landers)
- Was not deployed due to crash start
27 November 1971
Name Country
Description Date
Marsokhod Russia (Soviet Union)
- Was a heavy Soviet rover aimed at Mars
- Supposed to be launched by a rocket that never arrived to fly
1973
Name Country
Description Date
Lunokhod 3 Russia (Soviet Union)
- Intended to be the third roving remote-controlled robot on the Moon
- Mission was cancelled due to lack of funding
1977
Name Country
Description Date
Sojourner USA - Part of NASA’s mission - Mars Pathfinder
- First rover to successfully reach another planet
4 July 1997 (landed) – 27 September 1997 (final data transmission)
Name Country
Description Date
Spirit USA - One of two of NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Mission
- Became stuck in late 2009
4 January 2004 (landed) – 22 March 2010 (last communication)
Name Country
Description Date
Opportunity USA - Spirit’s twin
- Currently hold’s the record for longest distance travelled on other planet
25 January 2004 (landed) - current
Name Country
Description Date
Curiosity USA - Part of NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory
- In search for evidence of past or present life on Mars
6 August 2012 (landed) - current
Name Country
Description Date
Yutu China - Part of Chinese Lunar Exploration Program (Chang’e 3)
- China’s first lunar rover
14 December 2013 (landed) - current
Operation of Curiosity
• Powered by electricity produced by the decaying of radioactive isotopes• Power source generates 2.5kWh each day and charges two
rechargeable lithium-ion batteries • Equipped with six 50cm diameter wheels• Each wheel can be steered independently • Can withstand a tilt of at least 50° in any direction without
overturning, but automatic sensors will limit the rover from exceeding 30° tilts• Capable of climbing slopes up to 12.5° • Can travel up to 90 metres per hour but average speed is
about 30 metres per hour
Capabilities and Functionality
Instruments DescriptionMast Camera (MastCam)
- Provides two cameras – Medium Angle Camera (MAC) & Narrow Angle Camera (NAC)
- Captures true-colour images at 1600 x 1200 pixels
- Records 720p video up to 10fps- MAC has a 34mm focal length with a
15° field of view- NAC has a 100mm focal length with
a 5.1° field of view- Each camera has eight GB of flash
memory
Instruments DescriptionChemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam)
- Consists of Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) & Remote Micro Imager (RMI) telescope
- LIBS is used to provide elemental compositions of rock and soil
- RMI will send images of sampling areas of rock and soil that LIBS targets
- LIBS able to target samples up to 7m away
- Has the ability to record up to 6144 different wavelengths of light
Instruments DescriptionNavigation Cameras (NavCams)
- Has two pairs of black and white navigation cameras
- Each have a 45° angle of view - Uses visible light to capture
stereoscopic 3D imagery
Instruments DescriptionRover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS)
- Comprises instruments to measure the Mars’ humidity, pressure, temperature, wind speed, and ultraviolet radiation
Instruments DescriptionHazard Avoidance Cameras (HazCams)
- Has four pairs of black and white navigation cameras
- Used for safe positioning of the robotic arm on rocks and soils
- Uses visible light to capture stereoscopic 3D imagery
- Have a 120° field of view
Instruments DescriptionMars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI)
- A camera situated on the robotic arm- Acquires microscopic images of rock
and soil- Able to capture true-colour images at
1600 x 1200 pixels- Has a 33.8° to 38.5° field of view
Instruments DescriptionAlpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS)
- Irradiates samples with alpha particle and maps the spectra of X-rays for determining the composition of samples
Instruments DescriptionChemistry and Mineralogy (CheMin)
- Can identify and quantify the abundance of the minerals on Mars
- Resulting fine powder from drilled rocks is poured into the instrument to be examined via X-rays
Instruments DescriptionSample Analysis at Mars (SAM)
- Analyses organics and gases from atmosphere and soil
Instruments DescriptionDust Removal Tool (DRT)
- A motorised, wire-bristle brush on the end of the robotic arm
- Used for cleaning rocks for better examination
Instruments DescriptionRadiation Assessment Detector (RAD)
- To characterise the spectrum of radiation environment on the surface of Mars
- Also to determine the shielding needs for potential human explorers
Instruments DescriptionDynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN)
- A detector for measuring hydrogen, ice and water on Martian surface
Instruments DescriptionMars Descent Imager (MARDI)
- Allows the mapping of surrounding of the landing location
- Able to take colour images at 1600 x 1200 pixels
- Has a 90° circular field of view- Has eight GB of internal memory - Capable to store over 4000 raw
images
Instruments DescriptionRobotic Arm - A 2.1m long robotic arm holding five
devices- Able to spin through a 350° turning
range - Has a mass of 30kg- Have mechanisms for scooping,
sieving, and portioning samples of rock and soil
Human Machine Interface (HMI)
• Uses MSLICE (Mars Science Interface) designed by NASA’s Ames Research Centre, Moffett Field, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)• Built by using Open Source Software (Eclipse, Java, Rhino,
etc)• A collaborative software tool that will enable scientists and
engineers to view data products from Mars, select targets, prepare rover activities and command sequences• Ensures that mission scientists can work closely with both
rover and instrument engineers to create a plan that will maximize scientific data and be safe for the rover to perform• Generates detailed commands to be send to the rover
Advantages and Disadvantages of Curiosity (compared with Opportunity)
Curiosity Terms Opportunity899 kg Mass 185 kg
Nuclear-powered Power Source Solar-powered
1453 days Mission Duration (as of July 29, 2016)
4569 days
14 Total Number of Instruments
9
90m/s Top Speed 5cm/s
6 Types of Camera 4
160 MHz RAD750 CPU 20 MHz RAD6000
50° Maximum Tilt (Without
Overturning)
30°
*Bold = Advantage
State of Research and Development
• Curiosity has been fully developed and is currently in full working condition on Mars.• Curiosity has been on Mars for 1453 total days since
landing on August 6, 2012. (as of July 29, 2016)• Has a central computer that constantly monitors the
health of the spacecraft, checks to make sure commands are being executed, and handles communications to and from Earth as well as to spacecraft orbiting Mars• Each day, engineers on Earth send a sequence of computer
instructions for the day's activities to the rover
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