Crane signal-person-training-slides

Signal Person Qualification

Chapter 1Introduction

Trainer QualificationsCourse Objectives

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Presented By:Tony DiLorenzo, CSP, ARM, CRISGeneral ManagerAJZ Risk Management, LLC413 Hickory DriveAuburn, PA 17922Email: tony@ajzriskmanagement.com(570) 366-2806 Office(570) 449-4784 Cell(570) 366-3651 Fax

Instructor Qualifications• 1. 35 years of commercial insurance experience conducting

risk assessments for contractors.• 2. Four years teaching crane rigging and signal person

training.• 3. An OSHA Construction Outreach Authorized Instructor.• 4. Have a general awareness of the new OSHA crane rule 29

CFR 1926 Subpart CC and have developed signal person training courses.

• Completed Crane Inspection & Certification Bureau’s Mobile Crane Operations one week course.

• Professional Designations: CSP (Certified Safety Professional), ARM (Associate in Risk Management), CRIS (Construction Risk and Insurance Specialist)

Learning ObjectivesAt the end of this course, participants should be able to:

■Understand the basic hazards associated with signaling crane operations

■Know OSHA Requirements for Crane Signal Person Qualification CFR 1926.1428

■Obtain skills, knowledge and qualification for using hand and radio signals to safely direct crane movements.

■Be able to develop your own company’s Signal Person Qualification program.

CHAPTER 2• 29CFR 1926.1428• OSHA SIGNAL PERSON QUALIFICAITON

OSHA CFR 1926.1428 – Signal Person Qualifications

• Employer must ensure each signal person meets Qualification Requirements [1926.1428 (c)]

• Two Options - Third Party or Employer• Third Party qualification is portable• Documentation by Third Party or Employer

• Written or Verbal Test• Practical Test

OSHA CFR 1926.1428 – Signal Person Qualifications (continued) • Documentation must specify type of signaling, e.g., voice,

hand signals, or other• Must know and understand types of signals used, e.g.,

“Standard Method” for hand signals• Be competent in the application of the type of signals used• Have a basic understanding of equipment operation and

limitations including crane dynamics involved in swinging and stopping loads and boom deflection from hoisting loads

• Know and understand relevant requirements of CFR 1926.1419 through 1926.1422 and 1926.1428

CHAPTER 3TYPES OF CRANESPARTS OF CRANES

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Carrier Mount Telescopic Boom

Pedestal & Tower Cranes

Rough Terrain Telescopic Boom

Parts of Cranes• Movable boom – can be raised, lowered, rotated

• Spool with steel cable that extends to end of boom

• Counterweights that offset the weight of the load

CHAPTER 4• GENERAL SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS• DISQUALIFICAITON• GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

General Safety Considerations• Typical PPE will likely include hard hat, safety glasses, gloves, high visibility vest and work

boots.

• Before the lift begins, check that the load hook is centered over the load and that the rigging gear is properly set. Also check that the load stays centered during the lift.

• Watch for power lines to be sure the boom or load doesn’t get too close.

• Watch the boom deflection closely to make sure it doesn’t exceed the load radius.

• Make sure other personnel stay out of the crane operating area and always keep yourself and others from under a suspended load.

• The rotation of the cab and counterweights presents a hazard. Stay well away from its rotation zone.

• Avoid using your hands to control a load. Use a tag line so you can stay a safe distance from the load.

• When an operator is moving a load horizontally, it may swing if the boom stops suddenly. Stay well away from swinging loads.

• Also, pay close attention to weather conditions. Lightning and strong side winds can produce serious hazards. The steel boom can act like a lightning rod and the wind pushing on the load and boom can make cranes unstable.

Signal Person Disqualification• If subsequent actions by the signal person do not

follow agreed upon signals or uses inappropriate signals the employer must:

• Disqualify the person• Prohibit the person from working as a signal person• Retrain and re-qualify the signal person• EXAMPLES

• Not using Standard Method Signals• Using wrong signal, e.g., booming up instead of hoisting up

• The goal of this requirement is to help prevent miscommunication between signal person and crane operator.

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements • Signal person must be provided in each of the

following situations:• Where point of operation view is obstructed• When equipment is traveling and the view in the direction of

travel is obstructed• Due to site specific safety concerns – either operator or

person handling the load determines that it is necessary

• Types of Signals• Hand, Voice or New Signals

• A second signaler may be needed if the view of the pick or landing area is obstructed.

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements (continued) • When using Hand Signals, you must use the Standard

Method • Found in Appendix A • Exceptions – When infeasible or where an operation or use

of an attachment is not covered in the Standard Method, Non-standard hand signals may be used in accordance with 1926.1419(c)(2)

• Non-standard hand signals 1926.1419(c)(2) • Must communicate with signal person, operator, and lift

director (if any) the non-standard hand signals that will be used

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements (continued)

New Signals – may be used where the employer demonstrates:

• They are equally effective communication as voice, audible, or Standard Method hand signals, or

• The New Signals comply with national consensus standards that provides at least equally effective communication

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements (continued)

1419(e) Suitability

Hand, voice, or new signals and their means of transmitting the signals to the operator must be appropriate for the site conditions.

Example: Radio signals would not be suitable if electronic interference on the site prohibits the signals from being readily understood. Hand signals would not be suitable at night or over large distances.

Note: Operators often have a say in what types of signals will be used.

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements (continued)

1419(f)

• During operations requiring signals, the ability to transmit signals between the operator and signal person must be maintained.

• If this ability is interrupted at any time, the operator must safely stop operations requiring signals until it is re-established and a proper signal is given and understood.

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements (continued)

1419(g)

• If the operator becomes aware of a safety problem and needs to communicate with the signal person, the operator must safely stop operations.

• Operations must not resume until the operator and signal person agree that the problem has been resolved.

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements (continued) 1419(h)

• Only one person may give signals to a crane/derrick at a time, except in circumstances covered in 1419(j) (emergencies)

1419(j)

• Anyone who becomes aware of a safety problem must alert the operator or signal person by giving the stop or emergency stop signal

Note: 1926.1417(y) requires the operator to obey a stop or

emergency stop signal.

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements (continued)

1419(k)

• All directions given to the operator by the signal person must be given from the operator’s direction perspective.

• Meaning that the signal person must provide the signals as if he or she was sitting in the operator’s seat and facing the same direction as the operator

CFR 1926.1419 Signals – General Requirements (continued)

1419(m)

• Communication with multiple cranes/derricks• Must use a system to identifying the crane each signal

is for:• For each signal, prior to giving the function/direction,

the signal person must identify the crane/derrick the signal is for, or

• Must use equally effective method of identifying which crane /derrick the signal is for.

CHAPTER 5ELECTRONIC AND VOICE

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CFR 1926.1420 Signals – Radio, telephone or other electronic transmission of signals

• Must test device before to ensure signal transmission is effective, clear, and reliable.

• Signal transmission must be through a dedicated channel, except;

• Multiple cranes/derricks and one or more signal person as may share a dedicated channel for the purpose of coordinating operations.

• Where a crane is being operated on or adjacent to railroad tracks, and the actions of the crane operators need to be coordinated with the movement of other equipment or trains on the same or adjacent tracks.

• The operator’s reception of the signals must be by a hands-free system.

• Hardwired intercom on tower cranes are most reliable.

CFR 1926.1421 -Signals – Voice Signals – Additional Requirements• The operator, signal person and lift director (if any) must be

able to effectively communicate in the language used.

• Prior to beginning operations, the operator, signal person and lift director(if any) must contact each other and agree on the voice signals that will be used. No further meetings needed unless;• Another worker is added or substituted• There is confusion about the signals• Voice signal is to be changed.

• Each voice signal must contain the following three elements, given in the following order:1. Function, e.g., (hoist/boom), direction2. Distance and/or speed3. Function, e.g., hoist/boom stop command

CFR 1926.1421 -Signals – Voice Signals – Additional Requirements (continued)

Examples: • Swing boom right 30-feet, 25-feet, 20 feet, 15-feet,

10-feet, 5-feet, two feet, swing stop.• Load down 20-feet, load down 15-feet, load down 10-

feet, load down 5- feet, load down 2-feet, load stop.• Load up, slow, slow, slow, load stop

CHAPTER 6• TYPES OF SIGNALS

Two Major Types of Signals• Mobile and Locomotive Cranes ASME B30.5-2007

• Tower Cranes ASME B30.3-2009

ASME B30.5-2007

Mobile and Locomotive Cranes•General Rules•Standard Hand Signals•Standard Voice Signals•Signal person Qualification•Special Signals•Audible Travel Signals•Audible Emergency Signals

ASME B30.5-2007• General Rules – Adopted by OSHA

• Continuous communication between COP & SP• Any concerns by COP of requested movement required

COP to stop all crane movement• Any instructions other than established signals requires

full stop. • Perform hand signals slowly and deliberately• Be in clear view of the COP and load

Standard Hand Signals

• ASME B30.5 – Mobile Crane Hand Signals

Voice Signal Use Whipline / Auxiliary

Initiate Function•“Use whipline”•“Use auxiliary hoist”•“use auxiliary drum”

Terminate Function•NA

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Voice Signal - Hoist

Initiate Function•“Hoist”•“Hoist up”•“Hoist the Load”•“Hoist Hook”

Terminate Function•“Hoist Stop”

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Voice Signal - Lower

Initiate Function•“Lower”•“Lower Down”•“Lower Load”•“Lower Hook”

Terminate•“Lower Stop”

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• Voice Signal– Boom Up

Initiate Function• “Boom up”

Terminate• “Boom stop”

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Voice Signal – Boom Down

Initiate Function

•“Boom Down”

Terminate Function

•“Boom Stop:

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Voice Signal – Telescope In

Initiate Function•“Telescope in”

Terminate Function•“Telescope stop”

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Voice Signal – Telescope Out

Initiate Function

•“Telescope out”

Terminate Function•“Telescope stop”

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Voice Signal – Use Main Hoist

Initiate Function

•“Use main hoist”•“Use main drum”

Terminate Function•NA

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Voice Signal – Swing

Initiate Function

•“Swing right”•“Swing left”

Terminate Function

•“Swing stop”

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Voice Signal – Travel

Initiate Function•“Travel Forward”•“Travel Reverse”

Terminate Function•“Travel Stop”

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Voice Signal – Travel One Track

Initiate Function•“Travel left track forward”•“Travel left track reverse”•“Travel right track forward”•“Travel right track reverse”

Terminate Function•“Travel Stop”

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Voice Signal – Travel Both Tracks

Initiate Function

•“Travel both tracks forward”•“Travel both tracks reverse”

Terminate Function

•“Travel Stop”

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Voice Signal – Dog Everything

Initiate Function•“Dog everything”

Terminate Function

NA

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Hand Signals B30.3 2009 Tower Cranes• Nine signals in all.• Seven are the same as for mobile cranes, e.g.,

Lower, Hoist, Stop, Emergency Stop, Move Slowly, Swing and Dog Everything.

• Two new signals pertain to trolley and tower travel

Voice Signal – Travel

Initiate Function•“Travel Forward”•“Travel Reverse”

Terminate Function•“Travel Stop”

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Voice Signal – Trolley Travel

Initiate Function•“Trolley in”•“Trolley out”

Terminate Function•“Trolley stop”

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CFR 1926.1422 Hand Signal Chart • Must be posted on the equipment, or;

• Conspicuously posted in the vicinity of the hoisting operations.

• Signals specified by ANSI B30.6 - 1969 .

CFR 1926.1422 Hand Signal Chart (continued)

CHAPTER 7• EQUPMENT OPERATION AND LIMITATIONS• COLLAPSE INVESTIGATION

Equipment Operation and Limitations• Maximum rating (tons) – Maximum rig capability – Determined by the

Mfg. ( Metric Ton = 2,204.6 pounds)• Gross Capacity (determined by radius and other factors, jib/outriggers)• Maximum Net Load (accounts for weights of rigging, blocks, headache

ball, stowed fly, auxiliary boom head. Some crane manufacturers also consider rope suspended from the top sheave as also part of the load

• As radius increases, crane capacity decreases• Boom deflection increases radius and causes load to swing• Effect of Quadrant: greatest when over the rear of carrier, least over the

side (All Terrain and Truck cranes)• Longer boom length generally means reduced lifting capacity and

greater boom deflection. • Two Blocking• Personnel clear of lift area

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Equipment Operation and Limitations (continued)

• Dynamic Loading – Extra force when load is moving. Not accounted for in the load chart.

• Control through use of tag lines and proper rigging. • Plan lift to avoid sudden stops.• Prohibit side loading of crane.• Know and follow manufacturers recommendations for wind

speed.

• Boom Deflection – affects the positioning of the load. The amount of deflection varies with boom angle and length as well as load weight. Also, equipment with lattice/cable supported booms has different deflection characteristics than equipment with non-lattice booms (hydraulic ram extensible booms).

Deflection Hazard Relating to Signaling• The signal person intends to signal to the operator to hoist up,

since the load needs to be raised straight up. However, the signal person uses the standard signal for booming up in the mistaken belief that this signal is for hoisting up. A struck-by or crushed-by incident could result because, when booming up, the load will move laterally as well as vertically. A failure to understand what it is that the crane needs to do to accomplish a task can also lead to struck-by or crushed-by incidents.

• As a crane booms down, boom deflection tends to increase, which has the effect of lowering the load more than if there were no boom deflection. If the signal person is unfamiliar with this boom characteristic, he or she may fail to signal in time for the load to stop at the correct point or may cause the load to descend too quickly.

Boom Deflection Control• Needs to be discussed with the operator at the beginning of the job• Determined by load weight and boom length• Boom crane up prior to hoist signal• Hoist up until rigging is tight and boom starts to deflect, then boom

up until load comes up or boom tip starts moving towards crane• If obstructions above boom, boom down on load contact with ground• Operators have to precisely adjust the boom elevation and winch

together to keep a load from drifting out when it is lifted off the ground

• Modern cranes can automatically compensate for this. Lift Adjuster, Load Com are names manufacturers use to describe this feature

CHAPTER 8• ELECTRICAL

Electrical

Power Lines • Identify Work Zone

Work Zone = Marking boundaries

or360 degrees around crane up to maximum working radius

• Determine if any part of the equipment, load line or load could get closer that 20/50 feet to a power line.

• 20 feet clearance for lines up to 350KV• 50 feet clearance for lines up to 1000KV• Over 1000KV minimum clearance determined by the

utility owner or qualified RPE

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Could you get within 20/50 feet of power

line?YES NO

Option #1 Deenergize & Ground

Encroachment Prevention Measures(Equipment Operations)

Option #3Ask Utility for Voltage and Use Table A (with minimum clearance distance)

Option #220-foot clearance

No further action

• Planning meeting• If tag lines used Non-conductive• Elevated warning lines, barricade or line of signs

•PLUS (Choose one):

• Proximity alarm, spotter, warning device, range limiter, or insulating link

Training – Operator & Crew• Electrocution from touching energized equipment• Operator should remain inside the vehicle • The safest means of evacuating equipment that

may be energized• The danger of the potentially energized zone

around the equipment• Limitations of an insulating link, proximity alarm

and range control device• Proper grounding procedures

Minimum Clearance Distances

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Table A – Minimum Clearance DistancesVoltage (nominal, kV,

alternating current)Minimum clearance distance

(feet)up to 50 10

over 50 to 200 15

over 200 to 350 20

over 350 to 500 25

over 500 to 750 35

over 750 to 1000 45

over 1000 (as established by the power line owner/operator or registered professional engineer who is a qualified person with respect to electrical power transmission and distribution)

Intentionally Working Closer Than Table A Zone

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Must Show:• Staying outside zone is infeasible• Infeasible to de-energize and ground

1. Power line owner – sets minimum approach distance

2. Planning meeting – minimum procedures - Dedicated spotter - Elevated warning line or barricade - Insulating link/device - Nonconductive rigging - Range limiter (if equipped) - Nonconductive tag line (if used) - Barricades - 10 feet from equipment - Limit access to essential workers - Prohibit non-operator workers from touching above insulating link - Properly ground crane - Deactivate automatic re-energizer - Insulating line cover-up installed

All of the following are required:

CHAPTER 8• CRANE STABILITY• BOOM COLLAPSE CAUSES• KEEPING CLEAR OF THE LOAD

Crane Stability• Crane deck must be level and remain level during the lift. This is

determined at set up. Every degree out of level reduces the capacities in the load chart by 25%.

• Outriggers set on firm, level supporting surface.• Outriggers fully extended, or to manufacturer’s

recommendations. • Tires of the crane, when set up, shall be clear of the ground and

must not be supporting any of the weight of the crane or the capacities of “on rubber” applies.

• Radius and boom length is determined at set-up. The shorter the radius and or boom, the greater the crane capacity.

• Load Loss - Need Safety Latches on Hooks. • Synthetic sling padding to protect from abrasive or sharp surfaces

Boom Collapse Common Causes• Improper positioning of the crane• Exceeding lifting capacity• Soil too soft to support outriggers• Load moved too quickly• Oblique pulling of load• Side loading• Improper erection of crane• Boom contact with structure• Load contact with boom

Keeping clear of the load• Where available, hoisting routes must minimize

exposure to employees.• Keep out of areas where a load can swing• Use tag line instead of your hands to control the load• No worker in the fall zone, except for;

• Those hooking, unhooking or guiding a load• Engaged in initial attachment of the load to a component or

structure• Operating a concrete hopper

Keeping clear of the load (continued) • Workers in the fall zone (area under the load) are required to:

• Have load rigged by qualified rigger. • Use hooks with self-closing latches or equivalent; exception

– “J” hooks permitted for wooden trusses

• During Tilt-up or tilt-down; • No employees must be directly under the load• Only essential workers in the fall zone (but not directly

under) – workers guiding load, those closely monitoring and giving instructions regarding the loads movement, those detaching or initially attaching to another component or structure.

Signaling Guidelines for Riggers• Load secure and properly balanced before signaling to lift.

• Verify that planned lift and swing paths are clear of personnel and free of obstructions.

• Verify that the load is free to be lifted and clear of obstruction before giving hoist signal.

• Verify that ropes are not twisted around each other before giving hoist signal.

• Signal the operator to boom or swing until the hook is centered over the load before hoisting.

• Do not direct load movement such that the crane, rope, or load contacts any obstruction.

• Do not give load movement signals while personnel are on the load or hook, unless in a personnel basket.

• Do not direct load movements over personnel.• If the load must remain suspended, give the dog everything

signal.

Moving The Load• The load is secured and properly balanced in the sling or lifting device

before it is lifted.• The lift and swing paths are clear of obstructions and personnel.• Before starting to lift, the following conditions will be verified.• The load is free to be lifted.• Multiple part lines are not twisted around each other in such a manner that

all of the lines will not separate upon application of the load.• The hook is brought over the load in such a manner as to minimize swinging.• The correct slings have been selected for the weight to be lifted.• During lifting, care will be taken that:

• Acceleration or deceleration of the moving load is accomplished in a smooth manner.

• Load, boom, or other parts of the machine do not contact any obstruction.

Test Time• 50 question written test & practical test

• Knowledge and understanding of the type of signals used.

• Be competent in the application of the signals used. • Have a basic understanding of equipment operation and

limitations, including the crane dynamics, involved in swinging and stopping loads and boom deflection from hoisting loads.

• Understand the relevant requirements of OSHA standard 29CFR 1926.1422 and 1428