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A presentation on ADVANCED FEATURES OF C++
GLITTERING STAR by
BY
Introduction of c ++C WAS DEVELOPED IN THE 1970’S BY DENNIS RITCHIE OF AT AND T BELL LABSC++ WAS DEVELOPED IN THE EARLY 1980’S BY BJARNE STROUSTRUP OF AT AND BT BELL LABSC++ IS AN “EXTENSION” OF THE C LANGUAGE IN THAT MOST C PROGRAMS ARE ALSO C++ PROGRAMSC++ ,AS OPPOSED TO ,SUPPORTS ”OOPS”.
ADVANCED FEATURES IN C ++
ABSTRACT CLASSEXCEPTION HANDLING
STANDARD LIBRARIESGENERIC PROGRAMMING
TEMPLATES STANDARD TEMPLATE LIBRARY-STL
PARAMETERIZING THE CLASS FILE HANDLING
OBJECTCLASSSTATICCONSTRUCTORDESTRUCTORFRIEND CLASSFRIEND FUNCTIONINLINE FUNCTIONPOLYMORPHISMINHERITANCEABSTRACTIONENCAPSULATIONSCOPE RESOLUTION OPERATOR
Advanced features in c ++
ABSTRACT CLASS ABSTRACT CLASS IS A BASE
CLASS USED FOR DERIVING PURPOSES ONLY.
WHICH CONTAIN ATLEAST ONE PURE VIRTUAL FUNCTION IN IT.IT COULD NOT BE USED FOR
CREATING OBJECTS
IT IS ASSOCIATE AN INITIALIZED WITHTHE VIRTUAL FUNCTION DECLARATION
PURE VIRTUAL FUNCTION
EXAMPLE FOR ABSTRACT CLASS
FOOD IS AN EXAMPLE FOR ABSTRACT CLASS . MAKE AN INSTANCES OF AN APPLE OR A
STEAK OR A PEANUT BUTTER CUP.
steak applePeanut butter cup
EXCEPTION HANDLINGAN EXCEPTION IS A SITUATION IN WHICH A
PROGRAM HAS AN UNEXPECTED CIRCUMSTANCES DURING PROGRAM EXECUTION
CLASSIFICATION OF EXCEPTION HANDLING
oTRY BLOCKoCATCH BLOCKS
oTHROW EXPRESSIONoEXCEPTION SPECIFICATION
Standard librariesStandard library is classified into 2 types
Standard function libraryObject oriented class library
Standard function libraryThe library consists of general-purpose
And stand-alone functions that are not part of any class
l ibrary
Object oriented class library
This library consists of a collection of classesAnd associated functions
Generic programming1. STL USES GENERIC PROGRAMMING
THIS IS NOT OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING.NO CLASS HIERARCHY , NO VIRTUAL DISPATCH. TEMPLATES ARE THE ENABLING FEATURES.2.BASED ON CONCEPT INSTEAD OF CLASSES
IF IT LOOKS LIKE A DUCK…IT IS A DUCK.TYPE MATTER LESS THAN THE OPERATIONS
IMPLEMENTED.FUNCTION ADAPT TO THEIR ARGUMENTS AT
COMPILE TIME.
TEMPLATESTHE SAME CODE HAS TO BE REPEATED TO
CARRY OUT THE SAME FUNCTIONON DIFFERENT DATA TYPES . THIS WILL LEAD
TO WASTE OF TIME AND EFFORT. TOSOLVE THIS YOU CAN USE THE TEMPLATE
FACILITY
Syntax:Template<class type>
TWITTER WHATSAPP
EXAMPLE
FOR
TEMPLATES
Example program#include<iostream.h>
int max (int a,int b){
Return(a>b)?a:b;}
Float max(float a, float b){
Return(a>b)?a:b;}
Char max(char a, char b){
Return(a>b)?a:b;}
Void main(){
Cout<<kmax(20.30)<<endl;Cout<<max(4.5,6.7)<<endl;
Cout<<max(‘ a ’, ’ b ’)<<endl;}
Standard templates libraryTHE STANDARD
TEMPLATE LIBRARY PROVIDE A
SET OF WELL STRUCTURESGENERIC C ++ COMPONENTSTHAT WORKS
TOGETHER IN A SEAMLESS WAY.
STL HAD THREE BASIC COMPONENTS:
CONTAINERS
GENERIC CLASS TEMPLATES FOR STORING COLLECTION OF DATA.
ALGORITHMS
GENERIC FUNCTION TEMPLATES FOR OPERATING ON CONTAINERS.
ITERATORS
GENERALIZED ‘SMART’ POINTERS THAT FACILITATE USE OF CONTAINERS.
THEY PROVIDE AN INTERFACE THAT IS NEEDED FOR STL ALGORITHMS TO OPERATE ON STL CONTAINERS.
STRING ABSTRACTION WAS ADDED DURING STANDARDIZATION
PARAMETERIZING THE CLASSParameterizing classes specify parameters that must be
Defined by any binding class.Parameterizing class is referred as class templates
FILE HANDLINGA file is a collection of
related data stored in
a particular area onthe disk
Programs can be designed to Perform the read and write
operationsOn these files
OBJECTIT IS A BASIS RUNTIME ENTITYAN OBJECT IS A COLLECTION OF DATA AND ASSOCIATEDMEMBER FUNCTION TO PERFORM VARIOUS TASK
classClass is a group of object
Class is a collection of similar object or object of same type
STATIC MEMBER OF A CLASS CAN CONTAIN STATIC MEMBER DATA AND STATIC MEMBER FUNCTION.IT MUST BE DECLARE WITH THE KEYWORD STATIC
STATIC MEMBER
STATIC DATA MEMBERWHEN OBJECT IS CREATED IT INTIALIZE
AS ZERO COPY OF ALL MEMBER IS CREATED WHEN
ENTIRE CLASS IS SHARED
STATIC MEMBER FUNCTIONA FUNCTION CAN BE INVOKED USING A CLASS NAME
IS CALLED STATIC MEMBER FUNCTION
Constructor and destructorsCONSTRUCTOR
DESTRUCTOR
Constructor and destructor are special member
function of classes that are used to
create and destroy class object
Types of constructorCopy constructorDynamic constructorDefault constructorParameterized constructor
COPY CONSTRUCTORIt is a special type of constructor which will create an object as a
copy of a previously created object
Dynamic constructorIt is used to allocate the memory to the object
To the runtime using new operator
RUNTIMEMEMORY ALLOCATE
OBJECT
Default constructorIt is a constructor which doesn’t
Take any argument
parameterized constructorWhen object is created it takes the
arguments with it
FRIEND FUNCTIONA function that is declare with a keyword friend
is known as friend function.FRIEND FUNCTION IS USED TO ACCESS
THE PRIVATE DATA
INLINE FUNCTIONIf the member function is
defined inside the class definitionIs called inline function
polymorphismIT IS ABILITY TO TAKE MORE
THAN ONE FORM
Types of polymorphism
COMPILE TIME POLYMORPHISMObject is bound to the function
call at the compile time
Eg: function and operator overloading
Compile time polymorphismRuntime polymorphism
FUNCTION OVERLOADINGA function having same name but
performDifferent task for different instances
Operator overloading
The process of making an operator to exhibit different
Behaviours in different instances
Eg: virtual function,pointers
INHERITANCESInheritances is the process of forming a new classs byacquiring or inherited the properties of object of base class or existing class
encapsulationWrapping upon data and function
into single entity
Eg :
Tele
visi
on r
emot
e
SCOPE RESOLUTION OPERATORS (::) ARE USED TO DEFINE A FUNCTION OUTSIDE A CLASS OR WHEN WE WANT TO
USE A GLOBAL VARIABLE BUT ALSO HAS A LOCAL VARIABLE WITH SAME NAME
Scope resolution operator
THANK U FRIENDS
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