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Animal Association, Parasite, Host and its Type
Balwant SinghBabasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University Lucknow
Animal AssociationsThe relationship between two or more
organisms are termed as animal association.
Type’s of Animal
Association 1) Phoresis
2) Matualism
3) Commensalism
4) Parasitism
PHORESISIn this type of relationship, the phoresis
has been regarded as a type of symbiotic relationship in which one organism (smaller called phorant) is mechanically carried on or in another species (larger called host).
In phoresis, there is no physiologicaly or biochemicaly dependence on the part of the host or symbiont.
MUTUALISMA close association between two
different organism, in which one derives benefit from the other is known as mutualism.
The mutuals are metabolically dependent on one another; one cannot survive in the absence of the other.
COMMENSALISMThe association between two different
species of organisms where one is benefited and another one neither benefited nor harmed is commensalism.
The organism which give shelter in commensalism is known as the host and that receive shelter is known as commensal.
Escherichia coli (bacteria) lives as endocommensal in the intestine of Man. It receives nourishment and completes its life cycle without doing harm to Man.
PARASITISMAn organism which depends on other
organism for food, shelter and protection is called a parasite.
The organism on which a parasite lives is known as the host. The association between a host and parasite is called parasitism.
Definition of parasitism have traditionally focused upon some ecological aspect of the parasite-host intraction.
Parasitism - a way of life
Parasite and Parasitism are terms that define a way of life rather than a evolutionary related group of organisms
Parasitology historically covers a diverse collection of metazoan and protozoan organisms
What is a Parasite?An organism that lives in a symbiotic
relationship with a phylogenetically unrelated organism over a prolonged period of time.
An organism which depends on other organism for its food, shelter and protection is called a parasite.
A Parasite lives in or on its host.
Relationship lasts the lifetime of the host.
Type of ParasitesThe parasite are categorized on the following
basis-
1) On the basis of Generation
2) On the basis of Pthogencity
3) On the basis of Localization
4) On the basis of Dependency
On the basis of Generation1) Monogenetic Parasite- These require hosts
of only one species to complete their life spon.
e.g.-Ancylostoma duodenale, Diplozoon paradoxum
2) Digenetic Parasite- These require hosts of two different speciese to complete their life spon.
e.g.-Leishmania donovani Fasciola hepatica
On the basis of Pathogencity1) Pathogenic Parasite- Those parasite which are
caused disease and act as a pathogen called pathogenic parasite.
e.g.-Taenia solium (caused taeniasis in Man)
2) Nonpathogenic Parasite- They are not cause any disease in the host.
e.g.-Taenia hominis (habiting in the intestine of Man without causing harm or disease)
3) Intermittent Parasite- They are not constently associated with the host. They obtain nurishment from host at time to time.
e.g.-Bed bugs (Suck the blood meal from Man)
On the basis of Localization1) Ecto Parasite- Those parasite which are live on the
host or Out side of the host are called ectoparasite. e.g.- Bed bugs, Mites, Teaks etc. (Mostaly Arthropods Parasites)
2) Endo Parasite- Those parasite which are live in the host or Inside of the host are called endoparasite.
e.g.- Plasmodium vivex, Wuchereria bancrofti etc.
(Generally Protozoans, Helminthis & Neamtods Parasites)
On the basis of Dependency1) Facultative Parasite- These parasite which can
live in hosts if it is available, but capable of living independently if its host is not available, are known as facultative parasite.
e.g.- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (cause tuberculosis in man is a facultative parasite)
2) Obligate Parasite- Those parasite which depend upon the specific host throughout life are called obligate parasite.
e.g.- Taenia solium, Ancylostoma duodenale
WANDERING PARASITE
Also known as Aberrant parasite.
Sometime the parasite happen to reach
a place which is not its usual site of
localization. Such parasite which fails
to reach its normal destination is
termed as aberrant or wandering
parasite.
What is the host ?The organism on or in which a parasite
lives are known as host.
An organism which harbouring a parasite is called host.
Host usually larger than their parasite.
Type of host
1) Definitive host
2) Intermediate host
3) Paratenic host
4) Reservoir host
5) Vector host
Definitive hostThe definitive host is the one in which a
parasite reaches sexual maturity and under goes sexual reproduction.
It is mostly vertebrates.E.g.-1) For Plasmodium vivax definitive
host is female Anopheles mosquito. 2) For Taenia solium definitive host is
man. 3) For Wuchereria bancrofti definitive
host is man.
Intermediate hostThe host in which asexual development of the
parasite occurs is referred as intermediate host.It is usually invertebrate.In some cases two or more IH are involved. And
also two type-1) Passive IH (molluscs in the case of
Schistosoma)2) Active IH ( tsetse fly in the case of
Trypanosoma) E.g.-1) For Plasmodium vivax IH is man. 2) For Taenia solium IH is pig. 3) For Wuchereria bancrofti IH is female
Culex mosquito.
Paratenic host Also known as Transport host or Carrier host
or Transfer host.
Sometime the parasite enters a host in which it does not undergo any development but remains alive till it gains entry in the Definitive or Intermediate host. Such a host termed as paratenic host.
They are believed to bridge the ecological gap between the Definitive and Intermediate host.
E.g.-Housefly (contamination agent and disease causing pathogens)
Resorvoir hostAlso known as Temporary host.
In the absence of regular hosts, some
parasites survive in the reservoir hosts.
Reservoir host become the source of
infection to regular hosts.
Reservoir hosts are not essential for the
parasite to complete its life cycle.
E.g.- Monkey is reservoir host for Plasmodium.
Vector hostIt is the host in which a part of life cycle
of a parasite takes place and is also instrumental in the transmission of the parasite from main host to other.
Mostly typical Arthropods are the refers to vector hosts. Also two types-
1) Biological Vectore.g.-Haematophagous arthropodes such as
mosqutoes.2) Mechanical Vectore.g.-Flies for transport of Amoebal cysts.
HYPERPARASITISMWhen an organism which
parasitizes another parasite are
known Hyperparasite and this
phenomenon are termed
Hyperparasitism.
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