Trachea by Dr. Nabila KMSMC Sialkot

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS

AIR CONDUCTION AIR FILTRATION GASEOUS EXCHANGE SENSE OF SMELL PHONATION ENDOCRINE

CONDUCTING PART

HYALINE CARTILAGE MUCOSA EPITHELIUM

PSEUDOST. CILIATED COL./ St. Sq.Ciliated columnar, goblet, brush, Granule, basalMetaplasia, Smokers, Kartegner syndrome

LAMINA PROPRIA

CONDUCTING PART RESPIRATORY PART

NASAL CAVITIES NASO & OROPHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLAR SACS ALVEOLI

NASAL CAVITIES

Two halves median nasal septum Nares & Choanae Roof, Floor, Medial & lateral wall Lateral wall, Choncha Mucosa Vestibule Respiratory segment Olfactory segment

VESTIBULE

Anterior dilated part ST. Sq. E. with HAIR & SEBACOUS glands

(traps larger particles) Post part– pseudostratified-- glands absent Filtration

RESPIRATORY SEGMENT

LARGEST PART MEDIAL & LATERAL WALLS CONCHA MUCOSA (warms moistens & filters) EPITHELIUM PSEUDO STRATIFIED CILIATED

COLUMNAR WITH GOBLET CELLS LAMINA PROPRIA (vascular network capillary

loops- engorged- swelling of mucosa , mucous glands with demilunes)

OLFACTORY SEGMENT ROOF YELLOWISH BROWN EPITHELIUM

Bipolar APICAL & BASAL POLES APICAL dendritic olfactory vesicle & cilia BASAL axonal Supporting cells MECHANICAL & METABOLIC SUPORTBasal cellsBrush cells Glands

LAMINA PROPRIABlood & lymph vessels, non myelinated & myelinated nerves & olfactory glands bowmans gland

TRACHEA

TRACHEA

SHORT FLEXIBLE TUBE LOWER BORDER OF CRICOID TO

STERNAL ANGLE 2.5cm / 10cm AIR PASSAGE & CONDITIONING OF AIR

MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY

MUCOSA SUBMUCOSA CARTILAGENOUS LAYER ADVENTITIA

MUCOSA EPITHELIUM ----RESPIRATORY

CILIATED COLUMNARGOBLET CELLSBRUSH CELLSBASAL CELLSGRANULE CELLSMAST CELLS & LYMPHOCYTES

BASEMENT MEMBRANE THICKCh. cough. Cigerette smoking

LAMINA PROPRIA--- LOOSE C.T. CELLULAR LYMPHOID TISSUE, ELASTIC FIBERS, ELASTIC MEMBRANE

SUB MUCOSA

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUBMUCOSAL GLANDS

TUBULOALVEOLAR MIXED POST. PART

LARGER BLOOD VESSELS & LYMPHATIC

DIFFUSED & NODULAR LYMPHOID TISSUE

CARTILAGE HYALINE NON ARTCULAR CARTILAGE PERICHONDRIUM

FIBROUS CELLULAR LAYER ( chondrgenic cells)

MATRIXGROUND SUBSTANCE, territorial & interterritorial> SO4FIBER collagen type II, IX, X, XI

CELLS CHONDROBLAST CHONDROCYTES LACUNAE

TRACHEAL CARTILAGE

C SHAPED HYALINE CARTILAGES TRACHEALIS

ADVENTITIA

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE BLOOD VESSELS, LYMPHATICS, NERVES

& ADIPOSE TISUE

CONDUCTING PART

PRINCIPAL BRONCHI

RIGHT & LEFT LOBAR OR SECONDRY BRONCHI

3 RIGHT, 2 LEFT SEGMENTAL OR TERTIARY BRONCHI

BRONCHPULMONARY SEGMENT BRONCHIOLES--- TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES

PULMONARY LOBULES

RESPIRATORY PART

RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLAR SACS ALVEOLI

BRONCHI EXTRA PULMONARY BRONCHI STRUCTURE SIMILAR

TO TRACHEA INTRAPULMONARY BRONCHI 5 LAYERS < DIAMETER

MUCOSAEPITHELIUM < height of cells, < thickness of basement membraneLAMINA PROPRIA reduced rich in elastic fibers

MUSCULARISSUBMUCOSACARTILAGE PLATESADVENTITIA

BRONCHIOLES

Conducting part < 5mm, no cartilage or glands pulmonary lobule Epithelium simple ciliated columnar < goblet cells, Thick layer of smooth muscle Submucosa no glands No cartilage Terminal bronchioles pulmonary acinus, simple

cuboidal epithelium, clara cells

CLARA CELLS

NONCILIATED CELLS WITH A ROUNDED UPPER PART CONTAINING SECRETORY GRANULES

SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT –luminal adhesion

CCI6 ---pulmonary marker

RESPIRATORY BRONCIOLES

TRANSITIONAL ZONE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

INITIALLY ciliated, granule & brush

LATER CLARA CELLS SCATTERED ALVEOLI

ALVEOLAR DUCTS

LINEAR DUCTS LINED BY ALVEOLI, SMOOTH MUSCLE DISSAPPEAR ONLY ELASTIC & RETICULAR

FIBERS

ALVEOLAR SACS

CLUSTER OF ALVEOLI SHARING A COMMON OPENING

PULMONARY ALVEOLI

Thin epithelium resting on a basal lamina Type I 95% SIMPLE Sq. occluding junctions TYPE II 5% CUBOIDAL SURFACTANT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES

TAR BODIES, HEART FAILURE CELLS

INTER ALVEOLAR SEPTUM

LINNING CELLS OF ADJACENT ALVEOLI & INTERVENING STRUCTURES

EPI, B.L.—C.T.—B.L., EPI COLLAGEN & ELASTIC FIBERS FIXED & FREE CELLS CAPILLARIES

PULMONARY CAPILLARIES

THIN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS CAVEOLE CLEAR & THROMBI METABOLISM OF CHYLOMICRONS ANGIOTENSIN I—II THROMBOPLASTIN, PROSTAGLANDIN INACTIVATE SEROTININ

ALVEOLAR PORES

PORES OF KOHN,

10– 15 micrometer,

OBST. LUNG DISEASE

ALVEOLAR MEMBRANE

GASSEOUS EXCANGE THICK & THIN PART

EPI.– B/L. C.T. B/L. ENDOTHELIUM

BLOOD SUPPLY

PULMONARY ARTERY--- CAPILLARIES--VEINS

BRONCHIOLAR ARTERIES---VEINS