THE ATMOSPHERE. WEATHER AND CLIMATE

• The Earth’s atmosphere is a protective layer of gas that surrounds theplanet.

• The atmosphere begins on the planet’s surface and is structured inlayers. The atmosphere reaches an altitude of approximately 1.000 km.

• It protects us from the sun’s rays.

• It is composed by:

– Oxygen.

– Nitrogen.

– Other gases:

• Argon

• Carbon dioxide

CAPAS DE LA ATMÓSFERAEs la capa de transición entre la atmósfera y el espacio

También se llama ionosfera. Las partículas eléctricas reflejan las ondas de radio, la temperatura vuelve a aumentar.

La temperatura desciende y presenta una baja densidad el aire.

La temperatura aumenta. Y abunda el gas ozono

En ella se desarrollan los fenómenos meteorológicos. Temperatura desciende con la altura

THE TROPOSPHERE

• It is in contact with the surface of the Earth. Itis almost all water vapour.

• Here temperatures drop by 0.65 oC for every100 m of altitude.

• Most meteorological phenomena, such ascloud formation, wind and rain, occur here.

• The air does not remain static. Theiralterations cause meteorological phenomena,such as wind or humidity.

THE STRATOSPHERE• It contains the ozone layer in the middle of it.

This layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation and has very high temperatures.

THE MESOSPHERE• Temperatures in the mesosphere decreases as

altitude increases. They sometimes reach -100 oC.

THERMOSPHERE

• Temperatures reach up to

1500 oC, where solar

radiation produces

electrically-charged, ionised

gases.

• It is the layer of the

atmosphere in which the

space shuttles operated.

EXOSPHERE

• It is the outermost layer of atmosphere. Itextends to the highest limits of theatmosphere where only molecules of heliumand hydrogen are found.

• The temperature may fall to -273.15 oC atnight.

• Air is matter; it has mass, temperature and pressure.

TEMPERATURE

When air is heated it expands, becomes lighter and rises.

Air temperature becomes colder as it gets further from the Earth’s surface. When it is

cooler, the air begins to fall back towards the surface.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

The gases in air have weight that presses down on the Earth’s surface. It is measured

with a barometer.

Altitude and temperature determine atmospheric pressure.

RELATIVE HUMIDITY

• Relative humidity refers to the amount of water vapour that air contains. Warmer air can

hold more water vapour, but all air temperatures have a maximum amount of water vapour.

• We call air the set of gases in the atmosphere.

WEATHER the state of the lower layers of the atmosphere at a certain time and place on Earth. So, for example, if we say that one day it's hot or it's raining, we're referring to weather. Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere and the atmospheric phenomena that affect weather.

CLIMATE refers to the state of the weather in a certain region of the planet over a long period of time, usually 30 years or more. So, when we say that in a place it is hot every day in summer, or that it rains a lot in winter, we are alluding to characteristics of its climate.

Climatology is the study of climate.

ELTIEMPO ATMOSFÉRICO es el estado de la atmósfera(sequedad, lluvia, calor, frío, etc.) en un lugardeterminado del planeta y en un momento concreto. Así,por ejemplo, si decimos que un día hace calor o llueve,e s t a m o s r e f i r i é n d o n o s a l t i e m p o

atmosférico.

La METEOROLOGÍA es la ciencia que estudia los fenómenos que suceden en la atmósfera.

EL CLIMA es la sucesión periódica y habitual de esos estadosde la atmósfera en una zona de la Tierra, medida durante unlargo período de tiempo. Así, cuando decimos que en un lugarhace calor todos los días en verano, o que llueve mucho eni nvi ern o, esta mos a ludi end o a ca rac te ríst icas de

su clima.

La CLIMATOLOGÍA es la ciencia que estudia el clima, sus distintos tipos y su disposición.

Tiempo y clima

Tiempo

Estado de la atmósfera en un lugar y en un momento

concretoHace calor, llueve

MeteorologíaCiencia que estudia los

fenómenos de la atmósfera

Clima

Estado medio de la atmósfera en una región a lo largo de un periodo de

tiempo (30 ó 40 años)

Hace calor en verano, llueve mucho en invierno

Climatología

Ciencia que estudia el clima

Sus elementos y factores, tipos y distribución

MAPA DEL TIEMPO

WEATHER = Atmospheric pressure + Temperature + Precipitations + Wind

+ +

The WEATHER in one place and that is repeated throughout all the years in the same way, is the CLIMATE.

MAPA CLIMAS DE EUROPA

THE WEATHER FORECAST

In our country, the NationalInstitute of Meteorologyelaborates every day the weathermap with the data received atland and sea stations (thanks toinstruments such as thebarometer, the anemometer,the rain gauge, etc.), and withthe photograph sent by theMeteosat satellite.The satellites provide asystematic and real-timeinformation of the mostimportant weather conditions forweather prediction.

Globo sonda

Satélite meteorológico Meteosat

Estación meteorológica

Imagen realizada por el satélite Meteosat

• The elements that make up a climate are atmospheric phenomena that can be measured and analysed.

• The elements of the climate are:

Atmospheric pressure.

Wind.

Precipitation

Temperature.

PRESIÓN ATMOSFÉRICA

• It is the weight of the air in the atmosphere,as a consequence of gravity, on a specific areaof the Earth.

• It is measured with an instrument called abarometer and expressed in millibars.

• The air pressure is not the same throughoutthe Earth's surface. It depends on two factors:altitude and temperature.

Atmosphericpressure

Altitude Temperature

• The higher altitude,the lower atmosphericpressure.

• The highertemperatura, thelower atmosphericpressure.

• ISOBARS Lines that join points of equal atmospheric

pressure on a map.

• ANTICYCLONES Areas of high pressure (more than

1013 mb). They form when a mass of cold air descends

and the pressure increases. They produce stable

weather.

• DEPRESSIONS Areas of low pressure (less than 1013

mb). They form when a mass of warm air rises and the

pressure decreases. They produce unstable weather. .

Mapas del tiempo● Representaciones del

estado de la atmósfera en un lugar y momento determinado.

● Para interpretarlo, es necesario observar:

o Centros de acción.

o Distribución de las isobaras y gradiente de presión.

o Frentes.

Isobaras. Líneas que marcan puntos de igual presión.

Frente frío (línea azul con triángulos).Frente cálido (línea roja con círculos).

Gradiente de presión. •Diferencia de presión entre dos puntos.•Indica la fuerza del viento (mayor cuanto más próximas estén).

Centros de acciónAnticiclones (A) y Borrascas (B)

• The wind is a mass of air inmotion.

• It is caused by differences inatmospheric pressure. The airgoes from the high pressure tothe low pressure zones.

• The wind speed is measured withthe anemometer and is expressedin meters per second (m/s) orkilometers per hour (km/h). Theweathercock or weather-vaneindicates the direction of thewind.

Viento

Aire en movimiento

Se origina cuando hay diferencia de presión

atmosférica

El aire se desplaza de las altas (A) a las bajas presiones (B)

Instrumentos de medición

VeletaSeñala la dirección

Indica la procedencia

Puede ser N, S, E, O

Anemómetro

Mide la velocidad

Se mide en m/s o km/h

• Types of winds:

– Prevailing winds (Vientos constantes). They always

blow in the same direction and in the same regions.

– Periodic winds (Vientos estacionales). They vary

depending on the season, such as monsoons.

– Local winds (Vientos regionales o locales). are found

in small areas. They usually blows in the same

direction. Some examples in Spain are tramontane,

galerna or cierzo.

Globo con la distribución de las presiones y los vientos

AIR HUMIDITY

• It is the amount ofwater vapour that isin the air.

• To measure thehumidity of the airthe hygrometer isused and when itmarks 100% it is saidthat the air issaturated.

• The humidity of the air comes from theevaporation of the water.

• The water contained in the air masses is in theform of water vapour.

• The amount of water in the air depends onthe temperature:

The higher the temperature, the greater theamount of water in the air mass.

• Condensation: process by which the water vapour that contains a mass of air turns into liquid water when the mass rises and cools.

• It produces rainfall or precipitations. In the form of rain, snow or hail.

Rainfall or precipitations iswater that falls from theatmosphere to the earth'ssurface in the form of rain,snow, sleet or hail.

To measure precipitation, the rain gauge (pluviómetro) is used and is expressed in litres por m2 (l/m2) or in mm.

An isohyet or isohyetal line is a line joiningpoints of equal precipitation on a map. A mapwith isohyets is called an isohyetal map.

TYPES OF PRECIPITATION

• Convection rainfall (Lluvias de convección)

• Frontal rainfall (Lluvias de frente)

• Relief rainfall (Lluvias de relieve)

1. El sol evaporael agua del sueloh ú m e d o .

2 . A lascender elv a p o r d ea g u a s e

e n f r í a .

3. El vapor dea g u a , a lenfriarse, sec o n d e n s af o r m a n d on u b e s , q u ep r o v o c a nl l u v i a s .

Por Evaporación o convección

1 . L l e g aa i r ecaliente ys ee n cu en trac o n u n am o n t a ñ a .

2 . E la i r easciendey s ee n f r í a .

3 . S ef o r m a nn u b e s yl l u e v e .

Por Relieve

1. Una masad e a i r ecaliente yh ú me do see n cu en trac o n u n am a s a d eaire frío.

2. La masa deaire calientep e s a m e n o s ya s c i e n d e p o rencima de la dea i r e f r í o ,e n f r i á n d o s e .

3 . S ef o r m a nn u b e s y

llueve.

Por Frentes

• The Earth's surface is heated by the sun's rays.

• The Earth's surface radiates heat and heats

the masses of air that are in contact with it.

• Isotherm map map with lines joining the

places with identical thermal values.

Mapa de isotermas

PHYSICAL FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TEMPERATURE

• The regulatory action of the sea The seacools and warms more slowly than the Earth.Temperatures in coastal areas are milder.

• The altitude Every 100 m in height, thetemperature decreases by 0.6 ° C.

• The latitude The temperature decreases aswe move away from the Equator and weapproach the Poles.

• The Earth is divided into climatic zones orregions, depending on temperatures andrainfall.

Two cold climate zones.

Two temperate climate zones.

One hot climate zone.

TROPICAL OR HOT CLIMATIC ZONE

• Located between the twotropics: it receives the nameof intertropical zone.

• High temperatures, morethan 18o C of annualaverage.

• It is due to theperpendicular incidence ofthe sun's rays, most of theyear.

TEMPERATE CLIMATIC ZONES

• Located between the tropicsand the polar circles.

• The solar rays arrive moreinclined.

• The average temperatures arebetween 0 and 18o C.

• A cold season (winter),another hot (summer) andtwo intermediate: spring andautumn.

• Since there is a temperate zone in eachhemisphere the seasons are interchanged.

• When in the northern hemisphere it issummer, in the south it is winter.

COLD CLIMATIC ZONES

• Located between the polar circles and the poles.

• The incidence of solar rays is very oblique.

• Annual temperatures lower than 0o C.

• Rainy climate: more than 800 l/m2 per year.

• Intermediate climate: 300-800 l/m2 per year.

• Dry climate: less than 300 l/m2 per year.

• The combination of annual temperature and precipitation data results in nine different climate types.

CLIMA POLAR

• Temperatures below 0o C. • Little rainfall, not exceeding 200 mm, almost

always in the form of snow.• Between the polar circles and the poles.• Landscape: permafrost (permanently frozen

ground), with extensive glaciers or indlandsis and the layer of ice that covers the oceans, called ice field (banquisa). In summer, when the ice melts, tundra (landscape composed of shrubs, lichens and mosses).

• Wildlife: polar bears, penguins, sea lions, seals ...

• Polar environment– Location in polar

areas:• Arctic Circle.• Antarctic polar circle.• They represent 25% of

the land area.

• Polar environment– Rivers

• There are no rivers, but ice: – In the Arctic, the ice sheet or banquisa is 5 m thick.– In the Antarctic, the inlandsis or ice cap, 2,000 m thick on the

continent.

• Polar environment– Vegetation

• The cold and the frozen ground (permafrost) prevents the vegetation.

• Tundra: at lower latitudes, the ice-free land is covered with mosses, lichens and some shrubs.

POLAR LANDSCAPE

SALIRSALIRANTERIORANTERIOR

• Polar biome– Fauna: Limited.

Species of thick fur skins (bears, reindeer)

Fat species (seals, penguins).

• Polar biome

– Population:

• Only 0.02% of the world's population lives there.

• In the Arctic zone: Eskimos or Inuit (America) and Lapps (Scandinavia).

• In Antarctica, only scientific bases.

ALPINE CLIMATE / CLIMA DE ALTA MONTAÑA

• Cold winters and cool summers.

• Abundant rainfall, exceeding 1500 mm and throughout the year.

• It is located in the main mountain systems.

• Stepped landscape: in areas of lower height, coniferous forests and deciduous forests; from 2500 m, bushes and meadows; from 3500 m, naked rock and perpetual snow.

• Alpine biome– Location

• Great mountain ranges: Himalayas (Asia), Andes (America) and Alps (Europe).

• It is considered high mountain above 2500 m, although it varies throughout the planet.

• Alpine biome– Rivers

• In the mountains are the upper course of rivers: of great slope and erosive force.

• In the highest areas: glaciers.

• Alpine biome– Vegetation

• Staggered in floors according to altitude: crops, deciduous forests, coniferous forests, meadows, rock and perpetual snow.

• Varies according to the slope of sun and shade.

• Alpine biome– Fauna

• High mountain species: birds of prey, mountain goats, chamois, marmot ..

• Alpine biome– Population

• Half inhabited (except in valleys).• Livestock and agricultural activity.• Exploitation of forests.• Tourism and leisure (skiing,

mountaineering ...).

EQUATORIAL CLIMATE

• Very warm temperatures: above 22o C all year round. Average of 25o C without differences between day and night.

• Abundant and regular rainfall every month of the year. Superior to 1500 or 2000 mm per year.

• It is located north and south of the Equator.

• Landscape: jungle and mangroves (swamp areas).

• Animals: showy birds, amphibians and reptiles, lots of insects.

Bosque de manglaresMangroves

Jungle / Selva ecuatorial

• Equatorial biome

– Location

• Around the Equator.

• Central America and the Amazon Basin, the Congo

Basin and Guinea Coast (Africa), Southeast of Asia.

• Equatorialbiome

– Rivers

• Regular and large (Amazonas and Congo).

• They drag a lot of materials.

• Equatorial biome– Vegetation

• Jungle (en Asia, jungla). – Dense forest of diverse

species of great height (up to 80 m) like ebony, mahogany ...

– Undergrowth, dark and humid (ferns, mimosas, mosses).

– Eg Amazon.

Mapa de distribución de la selva

La selva amazónica

• Equatorialbiome– Fauna

• Varied: mammals (jaguar, apes), reptiles (snakes), amphibians, birds and insects.

• Equatorial biome

– Population• Almost uninhabited in Africa and

America, where there are primitive peoples (Pygmies, Yanomami).

– The population is concentrated in the coast, the plateaus and average mountain slopes.

• In Asia, very populated by plantations (rice, tea ...).

TROPICAL CLIMATE

• Temperatures above 20o C all year round.

• It has two seasons: one rainy and one dry.

• Very abundant rains.

• It is located on both sides of the equatorial zone: central plateaus of Africa, regions of South America, northern Australia and areas of South and Southeast Asia.

• Most characteristic landscape: savannah.

• Fauna: large herbivores, such as elephants, giraffes ...; big carnivores, like lions, leopards; scavengers, like hyenas ...

• Tropical biome

– Location

• Around the tropics.

• Central and South America.

• South Asia and Australia.

• Central and South Africa.

• Tropical biome

– Rivers

• Irregular

• They depend on the seasons: high water / low water (Zambezi, Nile).

• Sometimes, catastrophic floods.

• Tropical biomeVegetation

– Savannah Huge plain of tall,

thick grasses, bushes and scattered deciduous trees (acacias, baobab).

Green and leafy in wet season; yellow and withered in the dry.

– It degrades in the steppe.

– On the banks of rivers, forest-gallery like those of the jungle.

Mapa de distribución de la sabana

Esquema de la sabana

• Tropical biome

– Fauna

• Rich in large herbivores (elephants, giraffes, zebras ...) and carnivores (lions, hyenas…)

• Tropical biome

– Population

• It is concentratedon the coast and banks of rivers.

• Traditionalshepherd peoples: Masai and Kikuyus(Kenya), Podokos(Cameroon), Serere (Senegal).

• Monocultureplantations(cocoa, coffee, sugar, tobacco ...).

MONSOON CLIMATE / CHINESE CLIMATE

• It is a tropical variety.

• Conditioned by monsoon winds.

• The rainy season can exceed 2000 mm.

• It occurs in Southeast Asia.

DESERT CLIMATE

• It has very high temperatures (annual average above 20o C), with strong contrasts between day and night.

• Very little rainfall, does not exceed 250 mm.• They are located in areas close to the tropics.• Xerophilous vegetation (with thorns instead of

leaves and capable of storing water - cactus). Sometimes with oasis.

• Scarce fauna: reptiles, insects, birds and small mammals. In addition to camels and dromedaries.

Desierto del Sáhara

• Desert biome– Location

Tropical deserts

– Sáhara

– Arabia

– Kalahari

Coastal deserts

– Atacama

– Namibia

– Gran Desierto de

Arena

Interior deserts

– Gobi

– Colorado

• Desert biome– Rivers

• There are no rivers, only ouadis: they carry water only when it rains.

• Desert biome– Vegetation

• Scarce and adapted to aridity (thorny shrubs and cactus).• In oases (areas where there is water) there are palm trees

and fruit trees.

• Desert biome– Fauna

• Scarce and adapted to aridity: camels, dromedaries, reptiles, rodents, insects.

• Desert biome– Population

• Almost uninhabited (<2% of the world's population).

• Primitive peoples: Bushmen (Kalahari); or nomadic shepherds: tuareg (Sahara), Bedouin (Arabia).

• Exploitation of gas and oil.

OCEANIC OR ATLANTIC CLIMATE

• Soft temperatures throughout the year. With thermal amplitude less than 15o C.

• Abundant rainfall, above 800 mm, spread over all seasons.

• It is situated on the western facades of the European Atlantic coasts and in some areas of the Pacific coast.

• Landscape: oceanic forest with deciduous trees (oak, beech, elm and chestnut), meadows.

• Fauna: large herbivores (deer) and predators (bears, wolves, foxes), as well as birds, rodents, reptiles ...

• Oceanic biome– Location

• Parallel 40-60o N and S: western coasts of Europe and North America; SO coast of South America, SE coast of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

• Oceanic biome– Rivers

• With abundant and regular flow.• Thames, Loire, Rhin.

• Oceanic biome

– Vegetation

• Forests deciduous or deciduous (oak, chestnut, beech, ash ...).

• Oceanic biome– Vegetation

• It degrades in:– Landa with bushes and bushes (heather and broom).

– Meadows, in coastal and mountainous areas.

• Oceanic biome– Fauna

• Abundant(mammals, migratorybirds).

• Oceanic biome– Population

• In Europe it is a very inhabited and transformed medium (agriculture, cities, industries, communications ...).

• In America and Oceania, it is less inhabited.

CLIMA MEDITERRÁNEO

• Its average temperature ranges between 15 and 20o C,without large temperature variations. Soft all yearround. Hot summers and mild winters.

• Little rainfall, less than 700 mm, especially in autumnand spring, very scarce in summer and winter.

• Location: Mediterranean coast, South coast ofAustralia, America in the Pacific and Africa.

• Landscape: Mediterranean forest, with evergreen trees(holm oak, cork oak, pine). Shrubs such as garrigue,rockrose (jaras) and aromatic bushes (rosemary,thyme).

• Mediterranean biome

– Rivers

• Low flow (especially in summer) and irregular (Segura, Tíber).

• Floods and floods are frequent due to heavy rains.

• Mediterranean biome– Vegetation

• Mediterranean forest, with evergreen trees (oak, cork, pine), low, thick and hard leaves.

• It degrades in maquis and garrigue of odorous plants (rockrose, lavender, thyme, rosemary, lavender).

Bosque mediterráneo: encina, alcornoque, pino carrasco y pino

piñonero

Jara

Brezo

Lentisco

Retama

Maquia

Tomillo

EspartalGarrigaEstepaLavanda

Romero

Palmito

• Mediterraneanbiome– Fauna

• Abundant: small mammals, birds, reptiles, insects.

• Mediterranean biome

Population

– Very inhabited and transformed environment.

– They are given: Rainfed crops (wheat, vine, olive) and

pasture areas in the interior.

Irrigated crops (vegetables, vegetables, fruits) near rivers, on the coast and greenhouses.

– Development of tourism.

CONTINENTAL CLIMATE

• Warm summers and very cold winters, withtemperatures below 0o C.

• Precipitation between 300 and 700 mm (morefrequent in summer).

• Areas of the interior of the continents.

• Landscapes: meadows with tall grasses,steppes (with small shrubs and low grass),conifers. In very cold areas, taiga (coniferousforests and large meadows).

• Continental biome

– Location

• Inland lands of Europe, Asia and North America, in places far from the large bodies of water and their regulatory effects.

• Continental biome– Rivers

• Long and flowing (Volga, Yukon).

• Ice cream in the coldest areas in winter.

• In spring they suffer great swellings due to the thaw.

• Continental biome– Vegetation

• Taiga or coniferous forest, with evergreen trees (firs, pines, larches).

• Meadows in less cold and wetter areas, composed of tall grasses.

• Steppes in warmer and drier areas, with smaller herbs.

• Continental biome– Fauna

• Large mammals: bears, moose, wolves ...

• Great rodents: martens, beavers, minks ...

• Continental biome– Population

• Lumber and infrastructure are concentrated in the taiga, although the population is scarce.

• The grasslands are more populated and are dedicated to the cultivation or to the raising of cattle.

• A climograph is a graphic representation ofthe temperatures and rainfall of a given placeover a year.

1. Draw the axes

–On a graph paper, we draw the axes of

the climograph and point to the data:

Horizontal axis: months, 1 square for each

month, total 12 squares.

Left vertical axis: T (o C).

Right vertical axis: Pp (mm).

–The value of the precipitations must be

twice that of the temperature at the same

height (5o C - 10 mm), if possible.

TO DRAW A CLIMOGRAPH

2. Indicate theprecipitation (rainfall) data. With the help of a ruler and looking at the right vertical axis, we will indicate with a line on each month the total rainfall of that month.

Once indicated every month we will complete the bars and color them blue.

TO DRAW A CLIMOGRAPH

3. Indicate the temperaturedataWith the help of a ruler we transfer the temperature data to the graph.

We will make a signal about each month in the place that corresponds to the temperatures.

When we have completed the twelve months we will join the points with a red line

TO DRAW A CLIMOGRAPH

TO DRAW A CLIMOGRAPH

4. Indicate the location–We will complete the graph by writing the location of the weather station to which the data refer, if we know it.

ANALYSE A CLIMOGRAPH1. Annual average temperature.

2. 𝑻𝑴𝑨 =𝐓𝐣𝐚𝐧+𝐓𝐟𝐞𝐛+𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐫+𝐓𝐚𝐩𝐫+𝐓𝐦𝐚𝐲+𝐓𝐣𝐮𝐧+𝐓𝐣𝐮𝐥+𝐓𝐚𝐮𝐠+𝐓𝐬𝐞𝐩+𝐓𝐨𝐜𝐭+𝐓𝐧𝐨𝐯+𝐓𝐝𝐞𝐜

𝟏𝟐(oC)

3. Total of precipitations.

4. 𝑻𝑷 = 𝐏𝐣𝐚𝐧 + 𝐏𝐟𝐞𝐛 + 𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐫 + 𝐏𝐚𝐩𝐫 + 𝐏𝐦𝐚𝐲 + 𝐏𝐣𝐮𝐧 + 𝐏𝐣𝐮𝐥 + 𝐏𝐚𝐮𝐠 +

𝐏𝐬𝐞𝐩 + 𝐏𝐨𝐜𝐭 + 𝐏𝐧𝐨𝐯 + 𝐏𝐝𝐞𝐜 (𝐦𝐦)

5. Months with maximum and minimum temperatures.

6. Temperature range (difference between the hottest and the coldest months).

7. Months with more and less precipitations.

8. Climate.

9. Possible localization (hemisphere and area).

10. Type of biomes (vegetation)

Climograma del clima ecuatorial

• Climogramas del clima tropical.

• Medio desértico– Clima desértico

• Temperaturas– Desiertos cálidos: elevadas

(hasta 50oC); grandes diferencias día/noche.

– Desiertos fríos: veranos muy cálidos e inviernos muy fríos (10o C).

• Precipitaciones– Escasas (<250 mm) e

irregulares.

– Gran evaporación.

• Medio oceánico– Clima oceánico

• Temperaturas– Entre 10 y 18º C.

– Suaves todo el año.

• Precipitaciones– Abundantes (1000

mm) y regulares.

Climograma: clima mediterráneo

• Medio continental

– Clima continental

• Temperaturas

– Medias entre 0 y 10º C.

– Muy frías en invierno y cálidas en verano.

• Precipitaciones

– Entre 300 y 1000 mm anuales (menores más lejos de la costa).

– Se concentran en verano.

• Medio polar– Clima polar

• Temperaturas muy bajas:– Medias por debajo de los 0º.– En invierno hasta -40º/-50º C.– El verano no existe (no llega a los

10º C).

• Precipitaciones muy escasas:– Menos de 250 mm.– En forma de nieve

• Fuertes vientos.

• Medio de alta montaña– Clima de alta montaña

• Temperaturas:– Descienden con la altitud (0,6º cada 100

m).

– Temperaturas bajas en invierno; suaves en verano.

• Precipitaciones – Aumentan con la altitud.

– Abundantes y regulares.

– Frecuentemente caen en forma de nieve.

• Most of its climates are temperate:

• Oceanic.

• Mediterranean.

• Continental

• We will also have cold climates:

• Polar climate

• High mountain or alpine climate.

• Climates are determined by physical factors:

• Latitude Spain is in the temperate zone, in the northern hemisphere.

• The relief The average altitude of Spain is over 650 meters. The relief influences the regional varieties.

TIPOS DE CLIMAS

TIPOS DE CLIMAS

• Most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands Mediterranean climate.

– Maritime Mediterranean.

– Mediterranean continental or interior.

• Other climates:

– Oceanic.

– Subtropical.

– High mountain

ANÁLISIS DE UN PAISAJE

• Tipos de paisajes:

Paisaje natural poco o nada modificado por el

hombre.

Paisaje transformado Intervención notable del ser

humano.

Paisaje mixto Conserva cierto equilibrio entre el

paisaje natural y la intervención humana. Ej: zonas

rurales poco habitadas.

Paisaje natural

Paisaje transformado

Paisaje mixto

• En un paisaje debemos distinguir:

Elementos naturales:– Formas del relieve (montañas, formas litorales…)

– Elementos hidrográficos (ríos, aguas marinas, lagos…)

– Formaciones vegetales (paisaje asociado…)

Elementos antrópicos (realizados por el ser humano)– Formas agrarias (tipos de cultivos…)

– Estructuras industriales y mineras.

– Asentamientos

– Infraestructuras de comunicación y transporte.

• Analizar el paisaje:

– Observar e identificar el paisaje.

– Análisis de los elementos del paisaje (naturales o

antrópicos).

– Conclusión Valoración del tipo de paisaje y sus

riesgos.

Catástrofes climáticas

Huracán (en Asia, tifón o ciclón)

Fuerte borrasca de forma espiral

Grandes vientos (120-300 km/h)

Lluvias torrenciales (600 mm en unas horas)

Tsunamis de 20 m

Se forma en los océanos de

zonas tropicales entre mayo y

noviembre

T elevada

(26º C)

Evaporación

Tormentas

Sequía

Largo periodo de tiempo (> 1 año)

sin o escasas precipitaciones

Afecta sobre todo a zonas semiáridas (Cuerno de

África)

Son impredecibles

Efectos

Desertización

Resecación de plantas

Pérdida de cosechas y hambrunas

Aumento de la contaminación

Reducción del agua disponible

Inundaciones

Llueve mucho en poco tiempo

La tierra no puede absorber

esa agua

Los ríos se desbordan

Efectos devastadores

Muertes

Destrozos materiales

Epidemias

Se ven agravados por

Hormigón y asfalto

Deforestación

Ampliación de las zonas de

cultivo

CATÁSTROFES CLIMÁTICAS

Fotografía satélite de un huracán

Catástrofes climáticas

Tornado

Torbellino de aire que gira a gran

velocidad

Corta duración y extensión

Granizo o pedrisco

Precipitación en estado sólido

La temperatura del aire es inferior a 0º

Puede destrozar cultivos e

infraestructuras

Incendios forestales

Los bosques tardan mucho en

regenerarse

- Vegetación

+ temperaturas y

- precipitaciones

7. Catástrofes climáticas

• Pág. 140-143 del libro. Resumen

• Ejercicios, pág. 144-145. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10.

• Pág. 146. 2.

• Pág. 147. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11.