Significance of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture in Maharashtra

Welcome

Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, ParbhaniCollege of Agriculture, Latur-413512

Prepared byCHADAR B.R.2015A/38MLDEPT. OF SSACCOA, LATUR

Research GuideDr. P.H.VAIDYAASSOCIATE PROFESSORDEPT. OF SSACCOA, LATUR

Master’s Seminar (SOILS - 591)Significance of Soil Survey and Land

Use Planning for Sustainable Agriculture in Maharashtra

INTRODUCTIONSoil survey Soil survey is the study and mapping of soils in their natural

environment. It is to enables, more numerous, more accurate, more

useful prediction of soil for specific purpose It is starting point of all soil research. .

=>Arial Photograph=>Remotely sensed data (ERS & Landsat) Use: Large scale

Base surve

y

=>To establish co-relation between soil and areal photo- unit.

Grid surve

y=>Checking & confirmation of the established soil physiographic relationship & make soil Map of Area

Free survey

Methods of Soil Survey

TYPES OF SOIL SURVEY :

1. Detailed soil survey use at - Piolet project ,Agriculture research

station,Micro watershedscale : cadastral map (1:5,000 to 1:8,000) Areal photos (1:10,000)

2. Reconnaissance soil surveyuse at – Regional level scale -1:250,000

3. Semi- Detailed surveyuse at – Destricts level scale – 1:50,000

4. Detailed – Reconnainssancecombines both detailed and reconnaissance

What is land evaluation ?

Land evaluation is assessment of land performance and its production potential.

• Land evaluation is only part of the process of land use planning.

• The function of land use planning is to guide decision on land use in such a way that the resources of the environments are put to the most beneficial use for man conserving those for the future

LAND EVALUTION METHOD

Land capability classification

Soil and land irrigability classification

Parametric method Land Productive Index Soil productivity Index

Land Capability classification

There are eight capability classesClass І to class IV:Arable land

(suitable for cultivation)Class V to class VIII:Non arable land

(unsuitable for cultivation)

The subclass are based on kinds of dominant limitation such as wetness or excess water(w), climate(c) and erosion(e)

S1 : Suitable to all type of crop.

S2 : Moderately Suitable

S3 : Marginally Suitable

N1: almost Unsuitable

N2 : Unsuitable for crop

Soil suitability

What is Sustainable Agriculture ?Sustainable agriculture is an integrated

system of plant and animal production practices having a site specific application that will over the long term.

• Satisfy human food fiber needs.

•Make the most efficient use of non-renewable resources.• Sustain the economic viability of farm

operation.

• Enhance the quality of life for farmers and society as a whole

Sustainable agriculture practices

AIMS OF SOIL SURVEY To describe and classify soils giving

uniform system of classification with uniform nomenclature with correlate the soil of different area.

To show distribution of different soils in the field (soil mapping)

To provide data for decision support system (DSS)

AIMS OF LAND USE PLANNING

To fitness of the land for specific kind of useTo restore productivity of degraded landsSuitable and scientific management,

conservation & development of land resources for sustainable agriculture

OBJECTIVES OF SEMINARTo Know the soil quality for land use planning

To suggest the land use plan for sustainable agriculture.

SOIL QUALITY

Morphological characteristics'

Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics

Soil fertility status

Soil of Catenary area of Central India

Hill top

narrow (P4

)

valleyLower

pedim

ent

plain

Escarpmen

t pedimentUpper(P2)

pediment

plain

Mandel et. al.(2005)

TABLE 1 : PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF REPRESENTATIVE PEDONS OF CATENARY AREA OF CENTRAL INDIA

Soils Horizon Depth (cm)

CF (%)

Partical size distribution

BD.mg/m3

Water retention

sand silt clay 1500 kPaP2 (Pediments) Typic Haplusteps

Ap 0-17 3.5 14.0 31.0 55.0

1.17 38.8

BW1 17-34 3.8 16.0 24.0 60.0

1.73 40.7

BW2 34-45 4.5 30.8 20.2 49.0

1.75 34.6

Cr 45-55 Weathered besaltP4 (Narrow Valley) Typic Haplusterts

Ap 0-15 2.1 28.5 22.2 49.3

1.70 35.5

Bw1 15-35 3.0 28.9 17.6 53.5

1.71 37.4

Bw2 35-88 5.3 27.0 13.5 59.5

1.73 40.02

Bss1 88-113 8.3 29.0 8.8 62.2

1.74 42.7

Bss2 113-150

7.0 30.0 4.0 66.0

1.76 45.1

BCk 150-160

12.0 40.0 4.6 54.6

1.76 31.9

Mandel et. al.(2005)

soils Horizon Depth pH EC(dSm-1)

CEC cmol/kg

BS O.C CaC03%

P2 (Pediments) Typic Haplusteps

Ap 0-17 8.26 0.20 55.5 90.5

0.54 10.00

Bw1 17-34 8.26 0.25 61.0 96.2

0.48 11.50

Bw2 34-45 8.30 0.25 48.0 98.5

0.40 12.00

Cr 45-55 Weathered besaltP4 ( Narrow Valley) Typic Haplusterts

Ap 0-15 8.16 0.20 55.0 90.4

0.64 8.50

Bw1 15-35 8.24 0.20 56.0 91.4

0.61 9.25

Bw2 35-88 8.39 0.20 56.0 93.5

0.52 10.00

Bss1 88-113 8.40 0.20 58.0 95.3

0.41 10.50

Bss2 113-150

8.74 0.22 58.5 96.1

0.40 12.75

BCk 150-160

8.80 0.25 52.5 96.1

0.33 16.25

Mandel et.al.(2005)

Table 2 : Chemical properties of representative pedons of catenary area of central India

LAND USE PLANNING

In the present study soils of these area grouped under Typic Haplustepts and Vertic Haplustepts were the better soils than Typic Haplusterts so called Black cotton soil, soils for production sustainability of cotton yield under rainfed and climatic aberration, which should be intensively used for cotton genotype improvement research to improve the economic condition of cotton growing farming communities in India.

Mandel et.al.(2005)

Horizon Depth

Soil colour

Structure S G T

ConsistenceD M W

effevescence

RootsS Q

Boundry

Pedon 1 Typic Haplusterts AP1 0-18 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk sh fr sp es f c c sAp2 18-33 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk h fi sp es f c g sAB 33-55 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk h fi sp es f f g wBss1 55-80 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk h fi vsvp es vf f gBss2 80-130 10 YR 3/1 m 2 sbk h fi vsvp ev vf fPedon 2 Typic UstorthentsA 0-15 10YR 3/2 m 2 sbk sh fr ssps ev f c c sC 15-40 10 YR 6/4 m 2 sbk evPedon 3 Typic HaplustepsAp 0-20 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk sh fi ssps e f f c sBw 20-34 10YR/ 3/2 m 2 sbk sh fi ssps es f f a w C 34-55 10YR/ 5/4 m 2 sbk sh fi ev

Table 3 : Morphological characteristics of representative pedons of soils of Vidarbha region

Gabhane et al.(2006)

Pedon Horizon

Depth Partical size distribution(%)

PH O.CdS/m

CaCo3%

CEC

Sand Silt ClayPedon 1 Typic Haplusterts P1 Ap1 0-18 5.0

34.464.6 7.57 6.7 10 53.1

Ap2 18-33 7.2 25.6

67.2 7.80 6.0 10 56.3

AB 33-35 5.2 26.0

68.0 7.75 5.3 12 54.2

Bss1 55-88 3.0 24.4

71.0 7.75 4.0 15 56.4

Bss2 88-130 1.8 24.8

73.4 7.71 3.7 16 57.3

Pedon 2 Typic UstorthentsP2 A 0-15 42.0

23.634.4 7.30 3.9 23 51,2

Pedon 3 Typic Haplusteps

P3 AP 0-20 10.8 27.6

61.6 7.71 6.8 18 54.1

Bw 20-34 16.2 25.8

58.0 7.82 3.2 19 54.2

Table 4 Physical and chemical characteristics of representative pedons of soils of Vidarbha region

Gabhane et al.(2006)

Table 5 : Land resource development plan of Micro-watershed in Vidarbha region

Gabhane et.al.(2006)

Present use Slope %

Land capability

Recommendation

Agro-horticulture

0-1 IIe -

Double crop 1-3 IIe -Single crop(S.D) 1-3 IIIes & IVes MPTS / silviculture

Single crop(L.D) 1-3 IIe Short duration kharif+rabiBarren/Fallow 3-5 VIes Afforestation/Horticulturescrub 3-5 VIes Silvipasture(fuel &fodder )Present use & soil RecommendationDouble crop VegetableModerately dense forest AfforestationModerately deep to deep well drained, calcarious ,clay

Kharif- sorghum & CottonRabi-wheat & gram

Shallow to shallow, well drained, loamy to clay

Sorghum & Cistrus spp.

Scrubland MPTS & Afforestation

Land Use PlanningSeveral agroforestry system have been recommend for degraded land in watershed Area.

Silvipasture and silviculture recomded for degraded area which will helps in fuel and fodder production to improve soil fertility .

Plantation of multipal tree species(MPTS) recommeded for additional benefits.

This land resourse development plan will help in efficient managament of the land based on soil site suitability to obtain the potential yield on sustainable basis.

Table 6 : Morphological characteristics of representive pedons of ORS, Latur.

Horizons Depth(cm) Boundary Matrix

Colour Texture Structure Consistency Effervescence

Pedon 1 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 7 ( Typic Haplusterts)AP 0-18 cs 10YR 3/1 c m2 sbk h, fr, ss, sp e

BW1 18-48 cs 10YR 3/2 c m2 sbk h, fr, ss, sp e

BW2 48-64 di 10YR 3/2 c m2 sbk h, ss, sp e

BSS1 64-84 cs 10YR 3/2 c m2 sbk h, ss, sp eCM 84-126 - 10YR 5/3 c m2 sbk s, ns, np e

Pedon 2 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 14 ( Typic Haplustepts)AP 0 -16 cs 10YR 3/2 c m1 sbk h, fr, vs, vp e

BW1 16-35 cs 10YR 3/3 c m2abk h, fi, vs, vp eBW2 35-55 cs 10YR 3/3 c m2 abk h, fi, vs, vp eBW3 55-69 Di 10YR 3/1 c m2 abk h, fi, vs, vp e

C 69-94 - 2.5YR 3/6 sl abk - NillPedon 3 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 16 ( Typic Ustorthents)

AP 0-15 Cs 10YR 3/3 sic m2 abk s, ns, np NillAC 15-28 Cs 10YR 3/4 sic m2 abk s, ns, np NillM 28-50 - - gr ns, np Nill

Shinde (2013)

TABLE 7 : PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF representative pedons OF ORS, LATUR.

Horizons

Depth(cm)

Coarsefragme

nt(%)

BD(Mg m-

3)

HC(cm hr-

1)

Particle size analysis(%)

Moisture retention

(%) AWC (%)

PAWC (mm)

Sand Silt Clay 33 kPa 1500 kPa

Pedon 1 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 7 ( Typic Haplusterts)AP 0-18 4.29 1.3 1.4 3.9 31.93 64.17 43.9 27.7 16.2

222.80BW1 18-48 4.93 1.4 2.8 0.11 38.77 61.12 42.6 24.4 16.2BW2 48-64 3.18 1.5 2.29 0.38 33.72 65.90 44.3 23.9 20.4BSS1 64-84 5.48 1.6 9.6 0.57 30.35 69.08 36.7 18.2 18.5CM 84-126 40.29 - - 9.60 27.96 62.44 40.9 23.8 18.1

Pedon 2 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 14 ( Typic Haplustepts)AP 0 -16 1.72 1.2 1.4 0.2 36.53 63.27 37.9 28.4 9.5

155.27BW1 16-35 3.94 1.4 1.8 0.39 40.98 58.63 42.1 29.9 12.2BW2 35-55 2.21 1.4 2.4 0.57 35.17 64.26 46.4 32.9 13.5BW3 55-69 4.07 1.3 9.0 0.85 34.06 65.09 43.9 25.7 18.2

C 69-94 36.00 - - 2.2 31.83 65.97 44.7 34.2 10.5Pedon 3 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 16 ( Typic Ustorthents)

AP 0-15 14.26 1.45 9.8 6.08 51.00 42.92 19.2 11.4 7.866.22AC 15-28 24.13 1.48 20.2 11.19 54.81 34.00 20.6 15.3 5.3

M 28-50 68.34 - - 27.53 35.12 37.35 16.9 8.8 12Shinde (2013)

Table 8. Chemical characteristics of soils of ORS, Latur.

Horizons

Depth(cm) pH EC

(dSm-1)OC(%)

CaCO3

(%)

CEC(cmol(P+)kg-1)

Cations (cmol(P+)kg-1)Base

saturation (%)Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+

Sum ofCations(cmol(P+

)kg-1)

Pedon 1 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 7 ( Typic Haplusterts)AP 0-18 8.1 0.21 0.93 8.4 60.28 47.2 7.6 1.73 1.24 57.77 95.83

BW1 18-48 7.2 0.20 0.78 9.2 58.38 49.6 6.4 1.73 0.93 56.66 97.83BW2 48-64 7.9 0.18 0.70 9.1 60.14 45.6 10.4 139 0.98 58.57 97.38BSS1 64-84 7.1 0.18 0.74 10.1 66.30 46.0 15.0 1.41 0.91 63.33 95.52CM 84-126 7.9 0.19 0.12 9.8 56.38 50.8 1.2 1.56 0.73 54.29 96.29

Pedon 2 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No14 ( Typic Haplustepts)AP 0 -16 8.0 0.22 0.78 7.0 60.20 39.6 16 1.20 1.44 58.24 96.74

BW1 16-35 7.8 0.20 0.69 6.4 56.34 39.6 12.4 1.33 1.25 54.58 96.87BW2 35-55 7.9 0.20 0.57 6.4 58.70 40.8 12 1.91 0.88 55.59 94.70BW3 55-69 8.0 0.20 0.51 6.9 59.60 41.6 14 1.37 0.80 57.77 96.92

C 69-94 8.0 0.20 0.42 6.7 59.40 42.4 12 1.93 0.78 57.11 96.14Pedon 3 Oilseeds Research Station, Latur. Plot No 16 ( Typic Ustorthents)

AP 0-15 7.3 0.23 0.86 3.0 41.63 30.8 7.21 0.58 1.28 40.66 97.64AC 15-28 7.0 0.16 0.86 6.4 39.24 29.6 17.2 0.67 1.17 38.64 98.47M 28-50 7.8 0.20 0.39 5.8 42.30 29.2 10.4 0.99 0.75 41.34 97.73

Shinde (2013)

Fig. Soil site suitability of soils of oilseed research station, Latur for soybean crop on the basis of FAO (1983).

The soils are shallow to moderately deep, very dark grey to brown, Granular to angular blocky structure, clay to silty, clay texture as per FAO (1983) Vertisol soil –highly suitable (S1),Inceptisols & Entisol

Shinde (2013)

Shinde (2013)

Land Use Planning For ORS, Latur

The soils of Typic Ustorthent (P3) are currently not suitable (N1) for cultivation; Typic Haplustept (P2) and Typic Haplusterts (P1) were moderately suitable (S2) for soybean.

According to the criteria suggested by FAO 1983, the suitability based on optimum yield basis the soils of Typic storthent (P3) are marginally suitable (S3), Typic aplustept (P2) are moderately suitable (S2) and Typic Haplusterts (P1) were highly suitable (S1) for soybean crop

Status of Micronutrients and Nutrient in Wardha District

Katkar et al.(2013)

Nutrients Per cent samples Nutrient Indices

Low Medium High

Zn 57.6 40.5 2.1 1.45(Low)

Fe 28.4 59.4 12.1 1.83(Medium)

Cu 0.5 11.6 87.9 2.87(High)

Mn 1.6 28.4 70.0 2.68(High)

B 22.0 68.4 10.0 1.88(Medium)

Mo 00 94.0 6.0 2.06(Medium)

Table 9 :Status of Micronutrients and Nutrient indices in Wardha District

Katkar et al.(2013)

The deficiency if available Zn (57.6%), Fe (28.4%), and B (22%) was found increasing in the soil of Wardha district, which needs immediate attention to ensure balanced nutrient of crop and to sustain the agricultural productivity.

Land Use Planning

Katkar et al.(2013)

Satellite image, Physiographic map and Location map of Tungi Watershed In Latur District

Sayambar (2015)

Satellite data of Tungi watershed IRS-III.

Physiograpgic map of Tungi watershed

Profile location map

OVER VIEW OF SOIL PROFILES

Typic Ustorthents Typic Haplustepts Typic Haplusterts

Sayambar (2015)

Table 10 : Morphological characteristics of Representative Pedons Tungi watershed in Latur District

Horizon Depth(Cm)

CourseFragment(%)

Boundary

MatrixColour

Texture Structure

Consistancy

Pores Roots Efferveces

Pedon 1 Borphal, Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Ustorthents).Ap 0-21 7.03 cs 10 YR 3/2 c m1 sbk s, fr, ss, sp vff, mf, m vfm, fm, evM 21-40 17.70 - 10 YR 6/2 s m1gr s, fr, ns, np cf, fm ff, cfc 2ev

Pedon 2 Tungi Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Haplustepts).Ap 0-20 8.83 cs 10 YR 3/2 sic m2 sbk s, vs, vp vfm,fm vfm, fm ev

Bw1 20-34 12.50 cs 10 YR 3/1 sic m2 sbk h, vs, vp vfm,fm vfm,fm,cm ev

Bw2 34-43 12.04 di 10 YR 3/1 sic m2 sbk h, vs, vp vff,fm ff, cf evCk 43-64 17.38 di 10 YR 6/2 sic m1 sbk s, ss, sp vff,fm ff, cf evSm 64-115 4.79 - 10 YR 4/1 s m1 sbk fr, ns, np cm ff, cf ev

Pedon 4 Haregoan Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Haplusterts).Ap 0-18 4.46 cs 10 YR 3/1 sic m1 sbk sh, vs, vp sh vf, mf,cf e

Bw1 18-42 5.87 cs 10 YR 2.5/1 sic m2 sbk h, vs, vp vf, mff vf, mf,cf e

Bss1 42-66 2.85 cs 10 YR 2.5/1 sic m3 abk h, vs, vp vf, mff fm, cf e

Bss2 66-90 4.90 cs 10 YR 2.5/1 sic m3 abk h, vs, vp vf, mff fm, cf e

Bss3 90-150 - - 10 YR 2.5/1 sic - h, vs, vp vf, mff fm, cf e

Sayambar (2015)

Table : 11 Physical characteristics of representative pedons of Tungi watershed in Latur District

Horizons Depth(cm)

Coarse

fragment(%)

BD(Mg m-3)

HC(cm hr-1)

Partical size analysis(%)

Moisture retention(%)

AWC (%)

PAWC (mm)

Sand Silt Clay 33 kPa 1500 kPa

Pedon 1 Borphal, Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Ustorthents).Ap 0-21 07.03 1.60 10.60 20.96 48.87 30.17 24.6 11.9 12.7 62.67M 21-40 17.70 1.30 17.10 31.33 45.78 22.89 18.4 10.3 8.1

Pedon 2 Tungi Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Haplustepts).Ap 0-20 08.83 1.50 6.30 1.50 39.76 58.74 42.1 23.3 18.8

154.22Bw1 20-34 12.50 1.60 30.00 1.70 39.97 58.33 42.2 24.4 17.9Bw2 34-43 12.04 1.60 7.00 6.47 33.34 60.19 40.1 21.0 19.1Ck 43-64 17.38 1.45 22.40 8.01 46.37 45.62 26.4 16.4 10.0Sm 64-115 04.79 1.55 22.30 10.12 42.45 47.43 20.7 15.4 05.3

Pedon 4 Haregoan Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Haplusterts).Ap 0-18 04.46 1.70 3.40 8.70 29.30 62.00 36.7 19.6 17.1

278.56

Bw1 18-42 05.87 1.73 3.3 8.60 26.62 64.78 43.1 28.4 14.7Bss1 42-66 02.85 1.77 3.30 9.03 44.05 64.98 43.9 22.7 21.2Bss2 66-90 04.90 1.80 3.80 8.90 22.80 68.30 45.7 28.3 17.4Bss3 90-150 04.300 1.70 3.70 7.50 21.50 71.00 46.7 23.4 23.3Sayambar (2015)

Table 12: Chemical characteristic of representative pedons of Tungi watershed in Latur district

Horizons

Depth

(cm)

pH EC(dSm-

1)

OC(%)

CaCO3

(%)

CEC(cmol(P+)

kg-1)

Cations (cmol(P+)kg-1)Base

saturation (%)

Ca+

+

Mg+

+ K+ Na+

Sum ofCations

(cmol(P+)kg-1)

Pedon 1 Borphal, Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Ustorthents).Ap Ap 8.07 0.18 0.42 19.6 33.51 18.0 08.8 1.09 2.19 30.08 89.79M M 8.07 0.13 0.19 20.4 27.50 17.6 06.8 0.26 2.28 26.94 97.96

Pedon 2 Tungi Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Haplustepts).Ap Ap 8.00 0.13 0.58 20.0 56.20 34.0 14.0 0.62 2.08 50.70 90.21

Bw1 Bw1 8.27 0.12 0.40 26.9 50.92 32.8 12.8 0.52 2.32 48.44 95.12Bw2 Bw2 8.38 0.50 0.07 27.0 48.90 32.4 10.4 0.49 1.92 45.21 92.45Ck Ck 8.40 0.18 0.07 37.0 41.34 24.8 09.6 0.28 3.29 37.97 91.84Sm Sm 8.31 0.13 0.04 36.9 48.20 19.4 22.2 0.25 4.19 46.04 95.51

Pedon 4 Haregoan Tal- Ausa, Dist- Latur (Typic Haplusterts).Ap Ap 8.37 0.17 0.78 8.8 59.52 43.2 11.2 0.98 1.92 57.30 96.27

Bw1 Bw1 8.50 0.12 0.46 11.4 63.52 37.6 18.0 0.73 3.24 59.57 93.78Bss1 Bss1 8.30 0.21 0.54 9.8 59.52 36.0 18.4 0.73 2.44 57.57 96.72Bss2 Bss2 7.00 0.19 0.31 6.7 62.74 35.0 20.8 0.70 2.97 59.47 94.78Bss3 Bss3 7.00 0.22 0.29 6.6 61.71 34.7 21.3 0.63 3.00 59.63 95.76

Sayambar (2015)

LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSES OF TUNGI WATERSHED

Land Use Class

Area

ha %TGASingle Crop : Kharif Rabi

15905.971103.00

64.2104.45

Double Crop 6077.06 24.23Build up area 588.92 2.38Scrub land : Dense Open

347.17126.37

1.401.32

Water Body 423.11 1.71Total 24771.9

0100

Sayambar (2015)

Land use Cover map of Tungi Watershed

Table 13 : Irrigability classes of Tungi watershed

Map unit

Description AreaHectors

(ha)% of TGA

1 Lands of this class are capable of producing sustained and relatively high yield. This soil has few or no limitation of depth, topography and drainage.

7264.69 29.32

2ds Lands of that class has moderate limitation for sustained use under irrigation. These soil have moderate limitation of depth and slope,

12583.76

50.79

3ds Lands of that class have severe limitation for sustained use under irrigation like, depth, slope, coarse fragments and slight limitations of texture.

87.50 0.35

4d Lands of these class having very severe limitations of soil depth, and slope.

4086.53 16.49

Habitation 423.11 1.71Waterbody 326.30 1.32

Total 24771.91

100

Sayambar (2015) Land irrigabillity classification of Tungi watershed

TABLE 14 : PRODUCTIVITY CLASSES OF TUNGI WATERSHED, LATUR

Map unit AreaHectors % of

TGAGood 7264.69 29.33Average 12671.26 51.16Poor 221.47 0.89Extremely Poor 3865.06 15.60

Habitation 326.30 1.32Waterbody 423.11 1.17Total 24771.91 100

Sayambar (2015)

Land productivity map of Tungi watershed

TABLE 16: SOYBEAN SUITABILITY CLASSES IN TUNGI WATERSHED

Soil suitability classArea

Ha % TGA

Highly suitable (S1) 8565.39 34.57

Moderate suitable (S2) 11998.62 48.44

marginally suitable(S3) 3458.30 13.96

Habitation 326.30 1.32

Waterbody 423.11 1.71

Sayambar (2015) Soil site suitability map

Land Use Planning

Based on Morphological Physical and Chemical

properties of soil and soil site suitability Typic

Ustorthant (Entisols) soils should be under shallow

rooted and short duration crop where as Typic

Haplustepts and Typic Haplusterts ( Inseptisols and

Vertisols soils of these watershed should be under

both short and long duration as well as Shallow and

deep rooted crop for sustainable productionSayambar (2015)

Adkine (2016)

Location map of soil profile and water sample in Krishna valley

Sodicity map of the Krishna valley

Study area and drainage map

Location map, sodicity map, study area & drainage map of Krishna valley Marathwada Rigion

Horizons Depth (cm)

Boundary Matrix colour Texture Structure

ConsistencyEffervescences

D T Dry Moist WetPedon-1 Khanapur Ta. Washi Dist. Osmanabad (Loamy, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Typic Ustorthents)

Ap 0-20 c s 10YR3/3 sil m1sbk s fr sssp --

Ac 20-29 a s 10YR3/3 l m1sbk l fr sssp --Cr 29-50 10YR7/4 Weathered basaltPedon-2 Shekapur Ta. Bhoom Dist. Osmanabad (Fine, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts)

Ap 0-27 c s 10YR3/1 sic m1sbk s fr sssp es

Bw1 27-50 c s 10YR2.5/1 sic m1sbk s fr sssp es

Bw2 50-64 c s 10YR3/1 sic m2sbk s fr sssp esCr 64-80 10YR7/2 sil m 2 gr Weathered basalt

Pedon-3 Sirsav Ta. Bhoom Dist. Osmanabad (Fine, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Calcic Haplusterts)

AP 0-20 c s 10YR3/1 c m2sbk sh fr vsvp es

Bw1 20-33 c s 10YR2.5/1 c m3abk vh fi vsvp es

Bss1 33-60 c s 10YR2.5/1 c m3abk vh fi vsvp ev

Bss2 60-87 c s 10YR3/2 c m2abk h fi vsvp ev

Ck1 87-120 c s 10YR4/3 c m1abk s fr sssp ev

Ck2 120-150 10YR4/4 c m1sbk s fr sssp ev

Table 18 : Morphological characteristics of representative pedons of soils of Krishna valley, Marathwada region of Maharashtra

Adkine 2016

Horizons

Depth(cm)

Coarse Fragment (%)

B D (Mg m-

3)

HC(cm hr-

1)

Particle size analysis (%)Moisture retention

(%) AWC (%)

PAWC (mm)

Sand Silt clay33 kPa 1500 kPa

Pedon-1 Khanapur Ta. Washi Dist. Osmanabad (Loamy, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Typic Ustorthents)

Ap 0-20 8.14 1.74 14.12 28.40 51.60 20.00 26.64 16.64 10.0091.5

Ac 20-29 9.75 1.77 15.84 38.90 36.10 25.00 27.06 16.87 10.19

Cr 29-50 36.36 2.03 20.28 52.00 28.00 20.00 24.52 14.77 9.75

Pedon-2 Shekapur Ta. Bhoom Dist. Osmanabad (Fine, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts)

Ap 0-27 10.25 1.52 14.16 12.21 43.35 44.44 38.02 23.42 14.60150

Bw1 27-50 10.41 1.55 15.71 13.81 44.08 42.11 37.36 23.11 14.25

Bw2 50-64 13.15 1.58 17.35 15.31 42.47 42.22 25.69 18.20 7.49

Cr 64-80 26.66 1.67 24.62 14.56 64.67 20.77 22.31 16.73 5.58

Pedon-3 Sirsav Ta. Bhoom Dist. Osmanabad (Fine, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Calcic Haplusterts)

AP 0-20 10.00 1.53 3.92 9.87 40.14 49.99 37.15 23.92 13.23252.5

Bw1 20-33 11.11 1.62 3.29 9.26 37.97 52.77 39.52 24.30 15.22

Bss1 33-60 16.00 1.72 1.78 8.54 35.91 55.55 42.56 24.79 17.77

Bss2 60-87 21.73 1.84 0.73 8.65 31.69 59.66 47.83 27.07 20.76

Ck1 87-120 13.33 1.70 0.61 8.76 27.36 63.88 52.65 29.35 23.30

Ck2 120-150 17.64 1.71 0.82 8.70 30.52 60.77 49.14 27.46 21.68

Table-19 : Physical characteristics of representative pedons soils of Krishna valley in Marathwada region, Maharashtra

Adkine 2016

Horizons Depth(cm)

pH EC(dSm-1)

O.C.(%)

CaCO3

(%)CEC

[cmol (p+) kg-1]

Cations [cmol (p+) kg-1] B.S. (%)

ESP (%)

Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+

Pedon-1 Khanapur Ta. Washi Dist. Osmanabad (Loamy, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Typic Ustorthents)

Ap 0-20 7.22 0.18 0.33 4.81 33.98 14.8 12.8 1.55 0.18 86.31 4.56Ac 20-29 7.31 0.21 0.27 4.05 30.16 19.2 07.2 1.38 0.18 92.70 4.57Cr 29-50 7.49 0.09 0.11 3.70 28.50 16.0 10.0 1.46 0.15 96.87 5.12

Pedon-2 Shekapur Ta. Bhoom Dist. Osmanabad (Fine, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Vertic Haplustepts)

Ap 0-27 7.46 0.17 0.77 14.72 57.41 39.6 14.0 1.55 0.85 97.54 2.69Bw1 27-50 7.10 0.18 0.81 14.07 60.00 35.6 19.6 1.81 0.51 95.86 3.01Bw2 50-64 7.38 0.20 0.32 14.14 54.82 33.6 18.8 1.90 0.49 99.94 3.46Cr 64-80 7.47 0.21 0.24 21.73 41.85 19.6 16.4 1.62 0.36 91.62 3.87

Pedon-3 Sirsav Ta. Bhoom Dist. Osmanabad (Fine, Smectitic, Isohyperthermic, Calcic Haplusterts)

AP 0-20 7.63 0.14 0.50 12.76 72.11 38.0 27.6 1.62 0.43 93.81 2.24Bw1 20-33 7.68 0.22 0.44 14.60 78.18 31.6 32.4 3.19 0.38 86.42 4.08Bss1 33-60 8.03 0.28 0.58 16.87 67.26 33.2 25.2 4.32 0.33 93.74 6.42Bss2 60-87 8.13 0.58 0.42 10.12 64.63 32.0 22.4 5.27 0.36 92.88 8.15Ck1 87-120 8.21 0.33 0.37 10.49 58.54 32.4 11.2 4.66 0.31 82.96 7.96Ck2 120-150 8.27 0.60 0.29 12.53 56.86 28.0 12.0 6.39 0.38 82.25 11.23

Table-20 Chemical characteristics of representative pedons soils of Krishna valley in Marathwada region of Maharashtra

Adkine 2016

Suitability based on actual yield

Soil Pedons Sorghum Pigeon pea Cotton Soybean

Pedon 1 S3 S3 S3 S2

Pedon 2 S2 S2 S2 S2

Pedon 3 S2 S2 S2 S2

Pedon 4 S2 S2 S2 S2

Pedon 5 S2 S3 S3 S2

Pedon 6 S2 S3 S3 S2

Pedon 7 S1 S1 S1 S1

Pedon 8 S2 S3 S3 S2

Pedon 9 S2 S3 S3 S2

Pedon 10 S2 S3 S3 S2

Pedon 11 S2 S2 S2 S2

Pedon 12 S2 S2 S2 S2

Pedon 13 S2 S2 S2 S2

Pedon 14 S2 S2 S2 S2

Pedon 15 S3 S3 S3 S3

Table- 22 Soil site suitability of commanlly grown crop in Krishna vally Osmanabad District

Adkine 2016

Adkine 2016Soil site suitability map of sorghum as per criteria by FAO(1983)

Soil site suitability map of cotton as per criteria by FAO(1983)

Adkine 2016

Soil site suitability map of soybean as per criteria by FAO(1983)

Soil site suitability map of soybean per criteria by FAO(1983)

LAND USE PLANNING AND CONTROL MEASURES

From above results however concluded that the productivity of commonly grown crop in Krishna Valley in Marathwada Regions of Maharashtra is vary with soil to soil. This may be attributed to limitation of the soil depth, clay content, PAWC and cation exchange capacity in Typic Ustorthents where as High amount of CaCO3 in Calcic Haplusterts and ESP and EMP in Sodic Haplusterts. Therefore its needs to adopt the cropping pattern as per soil site suitability and also use proper control measures for increasing the productivity of these soils.

Adkine 2016

CONCLUSIONS

The soils were very shallow to very deep in depth, black to very pale brown in colour, silty clay loam to clayey in texture, granular to angular blocky in structure. The soils were slightly to moderately alkaline in reaction, low to medium in organic carbon content and calcareous in nature The cation exchange capacity of soils varied from 24.56 to78.18 cmol (p+) kg-1. The calcium was the dominant cation followed by magnesium, sodium and potassium. The base saturation percent varied from 21.00 to 114.80.

Typic Ustorthents soils suitable for shallow rooted and short duration crop whereas Typic Haplusterts, Calcic Haplusterts, Sodic Haplusterts and Vertic Haplustepts soils are suitable for both short and long duration crops as well as shallow and deep rooted for sustainable crop production.

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