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Schooling in Colonial America
1600-1800
The Purpose of Education
Do the claims of the Do the claims of the Functionalist and Functionalist and Conflict Theorists hold Conflict Theorists hold true historically?true historically? The purpose of
American education is not stable-it is changed over time
The dominant purpose of American education is always contested
Harvard 1726
The Purpose of Education
The Functionalist The Functionalist ClaimClaim The purpose(s) of
education are functional- that is they serve a social functionfunction
The Conflict Theorist The Conflict Theorist ClaimClaim American education
has tended to reproduce social inequities, not eliminate them. Harvard 1726
Education was neither free, public, nor secular in the Colonies
Educational opportunities were stratified Class Gender Race
Education served to retain the status quo Children were educated to
take their parent’s place in society
Tension American ideal of equal
opportunity for all
Southern Colonies
A sharply defined class structure
Dispersed population Anglican church did
not put an emphasis on religious indoctrination
Belief that education was a private matter and not the concern of the state
Middle Colonies
A diverse population English, Dutch, German,
French, Swedish Catholics, Mennonites,
Calvinists, Lutherans, Quakers, Presbyterians, Jews
Commercial interests An emphasis on
vocational education
Northern Colonies
A fairly uniform population
Puritan New England “Children are vipers
and infinitely more hateful than vipers.”
Jonathan Edwards The “construction” of
Childhood Centuries of Childhood
Phillippe Aries
The Construction of Childhood
For the Puritans, Children were miniature adults
Born in sin, they were vulnerable to Satan’s ploys
Thus, they need to be closely monitored
The Construction of Childhood
The Mason children The boy holds a
walking cane and gloves
One girl holds a fan The other holds a
rose
The Construction of Childhood
Families of 16-25 children were common
The Construction of Childhood
High child mortality led to more “objectification” than today
The Construction of Childhood
By the mid-19th century, childhood began to be thought of as a unique time in life.
“Adolescence” had not yet been invented, however.
The Emergence of Higher Education
Harvard College The purpose was to
prepare young men, 13-18, in Biblical and classical studies
The goal was to produce a new generation to assume leadership in the church and commonwealth
The first Colleges in the Colonies
Harvard Yale William & Mary New Jersey (Princeton) King’s (Columbia) Philadelphia Rhode Island (Brown) Queen’s (Rutgers) Dartmouth
College Life
Greek, Latin, Scripture
Moral development was as important as intellectual development
College was a “rite of passage” for colonial gentlemen.
“Caning” at Harvard
Colonial Schooling
Private Tutors Dame Schools Grammar School Mission or Charity
School Private Academies College
Dame Schools
Taught by women in their homes
Open to girls Colonial “Day Care”
Education For The Wealthy
Private tutor
Grammar school
Academy
College
What was a colonial education like?
One-room log or clapboard cabins
Students aged 3-20
Teachers would “cite,” students would “re-cite.”
Corporal punishment
What was a colonial education like?
One-room log or clapboard cabins
Students aged 3-20
Teachers would “cite,” students would “re-cite.”
Corporal punishment
Hornbook
Paddle shaped board with paper sheet attached
Usually contained the ABC's in both small and capital letters
Some Scripture
Hornbook
They had been used in Europe
There use continued in the colonies because printed books and pamphlets were harder to come by.
New England Primer
Calvinist Theology
Combined hornbook with authorized catechism
Secular materials
Almanacs Franklin’s
“Poor Richard’s Almanack”
Chapbooks Most imported from
England
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