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Keynote: Student mobility and labour market outcomes
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Student mobility and labour market outcomes
Jannecke Wiers-Jenssen, NIFU STEP
(Norwegian institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education)
Student mobility is important for a number of reasons•Knowledge transfer, knowledge exchange•Academic cooperation, quality enhancement•Increasing language skills and cultural skills•Developing mutual understanding, European integration
Student mobility is mainly addressed by•Counting number of students•Evaluating exchange programmes (ERASMUS)•A underlying notion that mobility is an advantage per se
Measuring impacts of student mobility is challenging task
Addressing student mobility
There appears to be little systematic or detailed enquiry/evidence about how mobility enhances the employability of the individual - what employment might they otherwise not have obtained
The added value of mobility – A review of the literature (Technopolis group 2009)
Survey among graduates focusing on transition from higher education to work
Comparing mobile to non mobile students
Data collected in four countries/autonomous regions •Finland•Norway•Iceland•Faroe Islands
Initiated and financed by the public student banks/funds in the respective countries
Data collected 2007
Nordic Graduate Survey 2007
Retrospective perspective (approx. 3 years after graduation)
Allows us to compare mobile and non-mobile students
Allows us to compare different types of mobile students(degree students vs. exchange students)
Allows us to compare mobile students from different Nordic countries
What makes the Nordic graduate survey unique?
1111 Mobile students with diploma from abroad DEGREE STUDENTS
517 mobile students with diplomas from Norway EXCHANGE STUDENTS
643 Students with the entire degree from NorwayNON-MOBILE STUDENTS
Four educational groups• Business and administration• Technology and science• Social sciences• Journalism/media
Sample drawn from the customer database of the State Educational Loan Fund (NSELF), Lånekassen
Data collected and analysed by NIFU STEP
The Norwegian part of Nordic Graduate Survey 2007
Long traditions with student mobility
Student mobility: deliberate political strategy to compensate for limited domestic enrolment capacity
High proportion of student body abroad
Higher Education and financing:• Most HEIs are public• No tuition fees in public HEIs• Student support: Subsidised loans and grants available trough
the State Educational Loan fund• Student support is universal, not means tested• Mobile students receive support on the same conditions as non-
mobile students + support to cover parts of tuition fees, travel costs etc.
Context: Student mobility from Norway
Graduates’ background
The transition from HE to work• Job search• Unemployment history
Job situation 3 years after graduation• Employment status• Wages• Skills-mismatch• “International job”
Retrospective perspectives on outcome of HE from abroad• Professional outcomes• Personal outcomes
Results to be presented
Social origin: higher among mobile than non-mobile students
Exchange students have better school performance (upper secondary school) than other groups
More mobile than non-mobile students have • Prior experience with living abroad• Parents who have lived abroad
Graduates’ background
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Graduate lived abroad >6 months prior to
study sojourn
Graduate born abroad Father and/or mother lived abroad >6 months
Father and/or mother born abroad
Degree students
Exchange students
Non-mobile
Mobility capital - aspects
NORWEGIAN GRADUATES
Degree students 18
Exchange students 6
Non-mobile 2
DEGREE STUDENTS – OTHER NORDIC COUNTIRES
Finland: 43
Faroe Islands: 56
Iceland: 16
Proportion of graduates working abroad (approx. 3 years after graduation)
Do mobile students return from abroad?
DEGREE STUDENTS….. send more applications in order to obtain their first job
use a wider range of channels to obtain a job
make less use of professional contacts, and more use of personal contacts to get a job
are more likely to be unemployed in the first months after graduation
In sum: Degree student struggle more to get access to the labour market.
Exchange students do not encounter more problems than non-mobile students
Transition from HE to work
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
First phase aftergraduation
Any time aftergraduation
At the time of thesurvey (2007)
Degreestudents
Exchangestudents
Non-mobile
Unemployment in different phases
Degree students
Exchange students
Non-mobile
Employed 90.7 93.6 92.4
Student 4.4 3.9 3.0
Unpaid domestic work 0.8 0.2 0.2
Unemployed 2 0.4 2
Other 2.1 1.9 2.5
Sum 100 100 100
Main activity 3 years after graduation
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
Business andadministration
Technologyand science
Socialsciences
Journalism andmedia
Total
Freemovers
Exchangestudents
Non-mobile
Average monthly wages November 2007. NOK.Full time employment, working in Norway
Now we will look at another classic indicatior of labour market succes of failure: Skills-mismatch
Definition of over education: to have a job that requires education at a lower level than the degree the graduate holds.
Over-Education is more prevalent among degree students
Increased probability of over-education persist when we control for a lot of variables in multivariate analyses.
We saw that unemployment did not have a lasting effectBut over-education is a phenomenon that seem to be more persistent
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Business andadministration
Technologyand science
Socialsciences
Journalismand media
Total
Degreestudents
Exchangestudents
Non-mobile
Skills-mismatch: Over-education
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Head office outsideNorway
Head office in Norway,branch office abroad
Business travel abroad
Degreestudents
Exchangestudents
Non-mobile
International firm and business travel
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Telephone,direct contact
Email, letters Readingspecialistliterature
Writing notes,reports etc
Presentations,conferences
meetings
Informal contactwith colleagues
Degreestudents
Exchangestudents
Non-mobile
Use of foreign language for professional purposeson a weekly basis
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
degr
eest
udet
s
exch
ange
stud
ents
non-
mob
le
degr
eest
uden
ts
exch
ange
stud
ents
non-
mob
le
degr
eest
uden
ts
exch
ange
stud
ents
non-
mob
ile
degr
eest
uden
ts
exch
ange
stud
ents
non-
mob
ile
Business & administration Science & technology Social sciences Journalism & media
International job - index
Getting an interesting job
Getting a well paid job
Get a job relevant to my degree
Possibility for working abroad
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 Degreestudents,higher
Degreestudents,lower
Exchangestudents,higher
Exchangestudents,lower
Outcome, compared to expectations 1
Learn foreign languages Apply foreign
languages for prof. purposes
Learn to know foreign culture &
society Apply knowledge about foregin
culture & society for prof. purposes
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70 Degreestudents,higher
Degreestudents,lower
Exchangestudents,higher
Exchangestudents,lower
Outcome, compared to expectations 2
Degree students
Exchange students
HE-to-work transition - (+)
Wages + (+)
Over-education - +
International job + +
Outcome compared to expectations
+ +
Outcomes of study abroad – enhanced opportunites?
POSITIVE EFFECTS
Country-specific and transnational human kapital
Selectivity: Mobile students may constitute a selected group regarding more indicators than we have measured here
NEGATIVE EFFECTS
Employer sceptisism (homosocial reproduction)
Weaker professional networks
Absence of relevant country-specific human capital
Suggested explanations of the results
There are positive as well as negative labour market effects of student mobility • Degree students encounter some difficulties entering the labour
market, but receive higher economic returns• Exchange students do not seem to face more barriers than non-
mobile students• Both groups of mobile students have more international jobs than
non-mobile students There are reasons to question that student mobility enhances
individual career opportunities in the first years after graduation Student mobility have more effects than we have measured here
• Personal value• Effects on HEIs and society
Concluding remarks
Wiers-Jenssen, J. (2008) “Career Impacts of Student Mobility”. I Gornitzka, A. and L. Langfeldt (ed.); Borderless knowledge. New York: Springer.
Wiers-Jenssen, J. (2008): Does Higher Education Attained Abroad Lead to International Jobs? Journal of Studies in International Education 101-130.
Wiers-Jenssen J. and S. Try (2005): Labour market outcomes of higher education undertaken abroad. Studies in Higher Education 681-705.
Wiers-Jenssen, J. (2003): Norwegian Students abroad: experiences of students from a linguistically and geographically peripheral European Country. Studies in Higher Education 391-411.
Other publications in English on Student mobility from Norway
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